Cross-Text Connections：練習問題

Text 1
Urban gardens are essential for community building. They provide a space for neighbors to interact while growing their own healthy food.

Text 2
While urban gardens have social benefits, they often require significant amounts of water and soil maintenance that cities find difficult to fund.

Text 1
The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park has been a resounding success. By controlling the elk population, wolves have allowed willow and aspen trees to thrive again, restoring the park's natural ecosystem.

Text 2
While the 'trophic cascade' caused by wolves in Yellowstone is often celebrated, some researchers argue the effect is overstated. They suggest that factors like changing rainfall patterns played a larger role in the recovery of vegetation than the wolves did.

Text 1
In his seminal 1968 work on the 'tragedy of the commons,' ecologist Garrett Hardin argues that individuals acting in their own self-interest will inevitably deplete shared resources, such as clean water or communal grazing land. He posits that because each individual gains the full benefit of their use of the resource but bears only a fraction of the cost of its degradation, rational actors are driven to overexploit the commons, leading to total systemic collapse unless external regulations are enforced.

Text 2
Political scientist Elinor Ostrom challenged Hardin’s bleak outlook by documenting numerous cases where local communities successfully managed shared resources without top-down government intervention. Ostrom observed that when resource users communicate, establish their own rules for usage, and develop collective monitoring systems, they can maintain the 'commons' sustainably for centuries. She argues that the 'tragedy' is not an inevitability but a failure to recognize the power of local self-governance.

Based on the texts, how would Ostrom (Text 2) most likely respond to Hardin’s (Text 1) claim that systemic collapse is 'inevitable'?

Text 1
Digital archives have revolutionized historical research. Scholars can now access rare manuscripts from anywhere in the world, democratizing information and speeding up the pace of discovery.

Text 2
While digital access is convenient, it cannot replace the physical experience of handling a primary source. The texture of the paper and the scent of the ink provide sensory contexts that are lost in a digital scan.

Text 1
Astronomer Percival Lowell claimed to have seen 'canals' on Mars, which he interpreted as evidence of an advanced civilization. He believed these structures were built to transport water from the polar ice caps to parched cities near the equator.

Text 2
Modern imaging from spacecraft has shown that the 'canals' Lowell observed were merely optical illusions caused by the low resolution of his telescope and the human brain's tendency to see patterns in random data.

Text 1
Biologist Dr. Marcus Vane argues that the proliferation of invasive zebra mussels in the Great Lakes is an irreversible ecological catastrophe. He points to the decimation of native unionid mussel populations and the radical alteration of nutrient cycles as evidence that the original ecosystem cannot be restored.

Text 2
Ecologist Dr. Laila Chen suggests that while zebra mussels have caused significant disruption, they have also inadvertently improved water clarity by filtering massive amounts of plankton. This clarity has allowed subaquatic vegetation to thrive in deeper areas, creating new habitats for various fish species. Chen contends that ecosystems are dynamic and that 'restoration' should focus on functional health rather than returning to a specific historical state.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Chen (Text 2) most likely respond to Dr. Vane's (Text 1) characterization of the situation as a 'catastrophe'?

Text 1
Many economists argue that the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI) would provide a necessary safety net in an era of increasing automation. By decoupling survival from traditional employment, UBI could empower individuals to pursue creative or entrepreneurial ventures without the immediate fear of poverty, potentially leading to a more innovative and dynamic economy.

Text 2
While the theoretical benefits of a universal basic income are appealing, critics point to the massive fiscal burden such a program would impose on national budgets. They suggest that the sheer cost of funding UBI for all citizens would necessitate significant tax hikes, which could inadvertently stifle the very economic growth and entrepreneurial spirit that proponents of the policy aim to foster.

Based on the two texts, answer the following:

Part A: What is the primary difference between the authors' perspectives on the economic impact of UBI?
Part B: How would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim in Text 1 that UBI could lead to a 'more innovative and dynamic economy'?

Text 1
In his seminal work on urban planning, Leon Rossi argues that the "vertical city"—characterized by high-density skyscrapers—is the only sustainable solution for a growing global population. Rossi posits that by concentrating residential and commercial spaces in narrow, vertical footprints, cities can preserve surrounding natural ecosystems and drastically reduce the carbon emissions associated with suburban sprawl and long-distance commuting.

Text 2
Ecologist Dr. Sarah Jenkins challenges the sustainability of extreme vertical density. She points out that the energy required to construct and maintain ultra-tall buildings—specifically for climate control and water pumping systems—often exceeds the energy savings gained from reduced transit. Jenkins suggests that "mid-rise" developments (typically 5 to 10 stories) provide the optimal balance, offering sufficient density to curb sprawl while maintaining a lower energy profile and fostering more integrated community interactions.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Jenkins (Text 2) most likely respond to Rossi’s (Text 1) claim about the preservation of natural ecosystems?