Biology 試験対策

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よくあるミス

1. 1high影響する配点: 2Respiration

   Confusing the biological purpose of adding an oil layer in different laboratory experiments.

   回避方法: Remember that in yeast respiration experiments, oil is added to prevent oxygen entry (ensuring anaerobic conditions). In transpiration/potometer experiments, oil is added to the top of the cylinder to prevent water evaporating directly from the container.
2. 2high影響する配点: 2Cell structure

   Failing to convert units (e.g., millimeters to micrometers) before dividing in magnification calculations.

   回避方法: Always measure the line or image in millimeters, multiply by 1000 to convert to micrometers (\( \mu\text{m} \)), and only then divide by the actual size or magnification.
3. 3high影響する配点: 2Co-ordination and response

   Writing that skin capillaries 'dilate' or 'constrict' during warm or cold temperature regulation.

   回避方法: Capillaries do not have muscular walls and cannot constrict or dilate. Always specify that arterioles widen (vasodilation) or narrow (vasoconstriction), which alters blood flow to the capillaries near the skin surface.
4. 4high影響する配点: 1Movement of substances into and out of cells

   Suggesting that repeating an experiment makes it more 'accurate'.

   回避方法: Repeating experiments and calculating a mean increases 'reliability' and helps identify anomalies. To improve 'accuracy', suggest using more precise, objective measuring instruments (such as a colorimeter, standard color charts, or a digital syringe).
5. 5medium影響する配点: 2Respiration

   Believing that plants only begin to respire in the dark when photosynthesis stops.

   回避方法: Respiration is a continuous process that occurs in all living plant cells 24/7. Plants photosynthesize only in the light, but they respire constantly.
6. 6high影響する配点: 2Human influences on the environment

   Stating that algae 'use up' oxygen directly during the process of eutrophication.

   回避方法: Explain that algae block light, causing submerged plants and algae to die. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) then multiply rapidly, and it is their aerobic respiration that uses up the dissolved oxygen in the water.
7. 7medium影響する配点: 2Inheritance

   Calculating genetic probabilities of a trait without factoring in the probability of offspring sex.

   回避方法: If a question asks for the probability of a couple having a 'male child with the trait,' find the Punnett square trait probability (e.g., 0.75) and multiply it by the sex probability (always 0.5) to get the final uncompounded probability (0.375 or 3/8).
8. 8high影響する配点: 2Nutrition

   Writing 'nutrients' or general element names instead of specific mineral ions in plant nutrition answers.

   回避方法: Always name the specific mineral ion: use 'nitrates' (for amino acids/proteins) and 'magnesium' (for chlorophyll) instead of generic terms like 'nutrients', 'nitrogen', or 'magnesium metal'.
9. 9medium影響する配点: 2Reproduction

   Failing to state the direction of diffusion when explaining substance exchange across the placenta.

   回避方法: Be explicit about movement direction: state that oxygen and glucose diffuse from maternal blood to fetal blood, whereas carbon dioxide and urea diffuse from fetal blood to maternal blood.
10. 10medium影響する配点: 1Movement of substances into and out of cells

    Describing animal cells as 'plasmolysed' when placed in hypertonic/concentrated salt solutions.

    回避方法: The term 'plasmolysed' applies strictly to plant cells because they have cell walls. Animal cells shrivel, crenate, or shrink when they lose water by osmosis.