Beliefs: ideology, science and religion: แบบฝึกหัด

What did Bronisław Malinowski argue was the main function of religion during life crises, such as a death in the family?

Heelas (1996) identifies two common themes within New Age movements. One is 'detraditionalisation'; what is the second key theme?

According to Lyotard and other postmodernists, how has the status of science changed in contemporary society?

According to Functionalist sociologists like Parsons, what is the term for the process where religion loses some of its traditional functions—such as education or social welfare—as they are taken over by specialized institutions?

According to Ernst Troeltsch, which type of religious organization is typically characterized by its tension with wider society, a claim to a monopoly on the religious truth, and a demand for high levels of commitment from its members?

Define the concept of 'secularisation' as used by sociologists like Bryan Wilson.

What is the difference between a closed belief system and an open belief system, according to Robin Horton?

Explain how postmodernists view the growth of 'New Age Movements' and spiritual shopping in the contemporary world. In your answer, refer to how these movements differ from traditional religious organisations like churches or denominations.