3.1 The Bill of Rights：练习题

The "exclusionary rule" established in Mapp v. Ohio (1961) primarily serves which of the following purposes?

The Supreme Court’s decision in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) relied on which of the following constitutional principles to extend the right to counsel to state-level felony cases?

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be protected under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment?

In Letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. argues that "tension" is a necessary phase in the civil rights movement. What is the specific purpose of this tension?

How did the Supreme Court's decision in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) affect the application of the Bill of Rights?

Explain the process of selective incorporation and identify the specific clause of the Fourteenth Amendment used by the Supreme Court to apply the Bill of Rights to the states.

Explain the exclusionary rule as established in Mapp v. Ohio and discuss the legal reasoning behind the good faith exception as a limitation on this rule.

In Letter from Birmingham Jail, how does Martin Luther King Jr. distinguish between just and unjust laws to justify the use of nonviolent direct action against segregation?

The struggle for civil rights has often relied on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

(a) Explain the main argument made by Martin Luther King Jr. in his 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' regarding the urgency of civil rights action.
(b) Explain how the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
(c) Describe the difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation.
(d) Explain how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 used the Commerce Clause to ban discrimination in public accommodations.

The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from 'unreasonable searches and seizures.'

(a) Define the exclusionary rule as established by the Supreme Court.
(b) Explain how the Supreme Court's decision in Mapp v. Ohio (1961) altered the application of the exclusionary rule in the United States.
(c) Discuss one way in which the 'good faith exception' modifies the exclusionary rule.
(d) Describe how the principle of selective incorporation was applied in the context of the Fourth Amendment.