Cold environments：练习题

Which of the following is a defining physical characteristic of permafrost in a cold environment?

Which economic development opportunity in cold environments, such as Svalbard or Alaska, involves the extraction of fossil fuels but faces significant challenges due to the presence of permafrost?

In the development of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, what specific technology was used to prevent the heat from the oil melting the underlying permafrost?

Which international agreement, signed in 1959, ensures that a specific cold environment is used only for peaceful purposes and scientific research?

In a tundra environment, what is the significance of the active layer of the soil for vegetation?

Analyze why cold environments are considered to be highly fragile and why this makes the use of technology a necessary management strategy for their protection.

The development of cold environments, such as tundra and polar regions, presents unique opportunities and challenges for human activity. Answer the following questions based on a case study of a cold environment you have studied:

a) Identify two different economic development opportunities available in your chosen cold environment. (2 points)

b) Explain two specific challenges that must be overcome when developing infrastructure, such as buildings or roads, in areas with permafrost. (2 points)

c) Briefly describe why these environments are considered 'fragile' and need protection from over-exploitation. (1 point)