Chemistry (9476)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

CHEMICAL BONDING

Atomic Structure, the Periodic Table and Transition Elements

• The nucleus of the atom: neutrons and protons, isotopes, proton and nucleon numbers

  笔记

• Electrons: electronic energy levels, ionisation energies, atomic orbitals, extranuclear structure

  笔记

• The Periodic Table

  笔记练习

• General physical and characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements, scandium to copper

  笔记练习

• Colour of complexes

  笔记

Chemical Bonding and Structure

• Ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding

  笔记

• Shapes of simple molecules and bond angles

  笔记

• Bond polarities and polarity of molecules

  笔记

• Intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonding

  笔记

• Bond energies and bond lengths

  笔记

• Lattice structure of solids

  笔记

• Bonding and physical properties

  笔记

THE GASEOUS STATE

THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

The Gaseous State and Stoichiometry

• Ideal gas behaviour and deviations from it

  笔记

• pV = nRT and its use in determining a value for Mr

  笔记

• Dalton’s Law and its use in determining the partial pressures of gases in a mixture

  笔记

• Relative masses of atoms and molecules

  笔记

• The mole, the Avogadro constant

  笔记

• The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae

  笔记

• Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

  笔记

THE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical Energetics and Reaction Kinetics

• Enthalpy changes: ΔH, of formation; combustion; hydration; solution; neutralisation; atomisation; bond energy; lattice energy; electron affinity

  笔记

• Hess’ Law, including Born-Haber cycles

  笔记

• Entropy and Free Energy

  笔记

• Simple rate equations; orders of reaction; rate constants

  笔记

• Concept of activation energy

  笔记

• Effect of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rate

  笔记

• Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

  笔记

• Enzymes as biological catalysts

  笔记

THE MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY

Chemical Equilibria and Aqueous Solutions

• Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions; dynamic equilibrium

  笔记

• Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories of acids and bases

  笔记

• Acid dissociation constants, Ka and the use of pKa

  笔记练习

• Base dissociation constants, Kb and the use of pKb

  笔记

• The ionic product of water, Kw

  笔记

• pH: choice of pH indicators

  笔记

• Buffer solutions

  笔记

• Solubility product; the common ion effect and complex ion formation

  笔记

Organic Chemistry: Foundations

• Functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

  笔记

• Empirical, molecular and structural formulae

  笔记

• Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

  笔记

• Isomerism: constitutional (structural); cis-trans; enantiomerism

  笔记

• Common terms for organic reactions and reactivities

  笔记

• Reactivity of some classes of compounds and their characteristic organic reaction mechanisms

  笔记

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS: THERMOCHEMISTRY AND THERMODYNAMICS (GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND ENTROPY)

Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives

• Alkanes (exemplified by ethane)

  笔记

• Alkenes (exemplified by ethene)

  笔记

• Arenes (exemplified by benzene and methylbenzene)

  笔记

• Hydrocarbons as fuels

  笔记

• Halogenoalkanes

  笔记

• Relative strength of the carbon-halogen bond

  笔记

• Unreactivity of halogenoarenes

  笔记

REACTION KINETICS

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

Alcohols, Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids

• Alcohols (exemplified by ethanol)

  笔记

• Phenol

  笔记

• Aldehydes (exemplified by ethanal)

  笔记

• Ketones (exemplified by propanone and phenylethanone)

  笔记

• Carboxylic acids (exemplified by ethanoic acid and benzoic acid)

  笔记

• Acyl chlorides (exemplified by ethanoyl chloride)

  笔记

• Esters (exemplified by ethyl ethanoate and phenyl benzoate)

  笔记

ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA

Nitrogen Compounds, Polymers and Electrochemistry

• Amines (exemplified by ethylamine and phenylamine)

  笔记

• Amides (exemplified by ethanamide)

  笔记

• Amino acids (exemplified by aminoethanoic acid)

  笔记

• Addition and condensation of polymers

  笔记练习

• Proteins

  笔记练习

• Biodegradability of poly(alkenes), polyesters and polyamides

  笔记练习

• Redox processes and electrode potentials

  笔记

• Electrolysis

  笔记练习

SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION

ISOMERISM

ORGANIC REACTIONS AND MECHANISMS

HYDROCARBONS

HALOGEN DERIVATIVES

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

POLYMERS

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

  笔记

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS