達爾文、華萊士與天擇：练习题

During the process of genetic engineering, specifically when producing genetically modified (GM) bacteria for insulin production, which enzyme is responsible for joining the insulin gene and the cut plasmid together at their sticky ends?

The three-domain system of classification (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) was proposed to replace the five-kingdom system. What was the primary evidence that led to this change?

An advantage of using biological control over chemical fertilisers and pesticides is that it can be more sustainable. Which of the following is a potential risk associated specifically with biological control?

A farmer uses selective breeding to increase the yield of a wheat crop over many generations. Which of the following is a significant disadvantage of this process compared to natural variation?

Evidence for human evolution includes the study of various fossils. According to the fossil record, which of these hominid species lived approximately \(3.2\) million years ago?

Describe the specific roles of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase during the process of genetic engineering.

Explain how genetic analysis of DNA sequences has led scientists to transition from the five-kingdom classification system to the three-domain system (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya).

In the process of genetic engineering, explain the significance of sticky ends created by restriction enzymes and why the same restriction enzyme must be used on both the human DNA fragment and the bacterial plasmid vector.

Genetic engineering allows scientists to modify organisms by inserting genes from one species into another.
a) Describe the main stages of genetic engineering used to produce human insulin in bacteria. In your answer, include the specific roles of restriction enzymes, ligase, and vectors.
b) Selective breeding is another method used to produce organisms with desired traits. Evaluate the use of genetic engineering compared to selective breeding in agriculture, considering both one advantage and one potential risk for each method.

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health challenge and provides a modern example of natural selection in action.

a) Describe the process of natural selection that leads to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a population after exposure to an antibiotic.
b) Explain how the emergence of resistant organisms supports Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.
c) In a laboratory study, a population of bacteria was treated with a new antibiotic. Initially, only \(1\) in \(10^{7}\) bacteria survived. After several generations of growth in the presence of the antibiotic, the survival rate increased to \(1\) in \(10^{2}\). Express both survival rates in standard form and explain the biological reason for this change.