活性順序與置換反應：练习题

A student investigates the effect of changing pressure on the position of equilibrium for the following gaseous reaction:
\( N_{2}(g) + 3H_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}(g) \)
The forward reaction is exothermic. If the pressure is increased, what will be the effect on the yield of ammonia and the rate of attainment of equilibrium?

Which of the following statements correctly evaluates the use of phytoextraction compared to carbon reduction for the extraction of metals?

Consider the industrial production of ammonia in the Haber process:
\(N_{2}(g) + 3H_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}(g)\) (Forward reaction is exothermic).
Why is a pressure of 200 atmospheres used instead of a much higher pressure, such as 1000 atmospheres?

Consider the reversible reaction:
\(2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)\) (Forward reaction is exothermic).
Which of the following changes would increase the equilibrium yield of \(SO_3\) while also increasing the rate of the reaction?

In the industrial extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite. Which of the following correctly describes why carbon anodes must be replaced regularly during this process?

In an industrial setting, the Haber process is used to produce ammonia:
\(N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g)\) (forward reaction is exothermic).
Explain the effect of increasing the pressure on both the yield of ammonia and the rate at which equilibrium is reached.

The reversible reaction for the production of ammonia is shown by the equation:
\(N_{2}(g) + 3H_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}(g)\)
Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium if the pressure of the system is increased.

The reversible reaction for the Haber process is:
\(N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g)\)
The forward reaction is exothermic. Predict and explain the effect on the rate of attainment of equilibrium and the yield of ammonia if a catalyst is used at a lower temperature.

A student investigates how different metals are extracted from their ores based on their position in the reactivity series. Iron is extracted by heating iron oxide with carbon in a blast furnace, whereas aluminium must be extracted using electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide.

a) Explain why carbon can be used to extract iron from its ore but cannot be used to extract aluminium.
b) State the name of the chemical process occurring when iron oxide loses oxygen to form iron.
c) Give one reason why gold is found as a native metal (uncombined) in the Earth's crust.

Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products. A local council is comparing the environmental impact of using disposable plastic bottles versus reusable glass bottles for mineral water.

a) List the four stages of a life-cycle assessment that must be considered for these products.
b) During the "manufacturing and packaging" stage, describe one factor that could make the environmental impact of a plastic bottle lower than that of a glass bottle.
c) Explain why the "disposal" stage of a plastic bottle is generally considered to have a more negative environmental impact than that of a glass bottle, assuming neither is recycled.