水循環與碳循環作為自然系統：練習題

• a.Matter can cross the boundary, but energy is trapped within the system.
• b.There is a transfer of energy across the system boundary, but not matter.
• c.Both energy and matter can freely cross the system boundary.
• d.Neither energy nor matter can cross the system boundary.

• a.Increased rainfall leads to more vegetation, which increases transpiration and regulates the water table.
• b.Increased rainfall leads to higher runoff, which erodes the soil and eventually reduces the basin's storage capacity.
• c.Decreased rainfall leads to less vegetation, which reduces the rate of evapotranspiration and conserves groundwater.
• d.Decreased rainfall leads to less vegetation, which reduces infiltration and further lowers soil moisture.

• a.Precipitation has exceeded the total loss from the basin, resulting in an increase in groundwater levels.
• b.Output through runoff and evapotranspiration has exceeded precipitation, leading to a depletion of water stores.
• c.Infiltration rates have increased to the point where surface runoff is eliminated from the system equation.
• d.The system has reached a state of static equilibrium where no transfers are occurring between components.

• a.The movement of matter between different components of the system.
• b.The total amount of energy lost from a system through its boundaries.
• c.A sequence of events that amplifies a change and leads to instability.
• d.A sequence of events that counteracts a change and restores stability.

• a.The total amount of water held in the atmosphere remains constant regardless of evaporation rates.
• b.Despite short-term fluctuations, the inputs and outputs of the system balance out over the long term.
• c.Human intervention has permanently shifted the cycle into a state of irreversible positive feedback.
• d.Stores such as the cryosphere and lithosphere never change in magnitude over geological time.

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。