人格與態度：練習題

Which of the following is a physical object that acts as a tangible extrinsic motivator for an athlete?

According to Easterbrook's Cue Utilisation Theory, what occurs to an athlete's perceptual field when their arousal increases beyond the optimal level?

According to Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional Model of leadership, a basketball coach uses an autocratic style because the game is in its final seconds and a tactical change is needed. However, the players prefer a democratic approach, even though the coach’s choice matches the demands of the situation.

What is the predicted effect on performance and member satisfaction in this scenario?

In the SMARTER framework for goal setting, what does the letter 'M' represent?

In Weiner's Model of Attribution, if a tennis player attributes a recent loss to the luck of the opponent (e.g., hitting the tape of the net frequently), how is this attribution classified in terms of locus of causality and stability?

Explain how the cognitive stress management technique of thought stopping is used by an athlete during competition.

According to Atkinson's Model of Achievement Motivation, what two personality components determine whether an athlete will demonstrate Need to Achieve (nAch) or Need to Avoid Failure (nAf) characteristics?

Using Chelladurai's Multi-Dimensional Model of leadership, explain why a coach's actual behavior must align with both required behavior and preferred behavior to ensure high member satisfaction.

Athletes often experience different types of anxiety before and during competition.

(a) Define the difference between somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety.
(b) Identify one physiological measure that can be used to monitor somatic anxiety in a performer.
(c) State one limitation of using questionnaires to measure anxiety in sports performers.

Athletes often use stress management techniques to control their arousal and maintain focus.

(a) Identify two cognitive stress management techniques used by performers.
(b) Describe the technique of centering and explain how it helps a performer during a break in play.