題目 1 · Objective & Source Analysis
40 分This is a compulsory question covering both ancient and modern eras (Total: 40 marks).
Source 1:
"Following the severe devastation of the Qin collapse and the Chu-Han Contention, early Western Han rulers adopted the policy of 'Governing through Non-action' (Wuwei), reducing taxes and corvée labor to allow the population to rest and rehabilitate."
— Adapted from General History of China
Source 2:
"During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, to strengthen centralized authority and eliminate internal divisions, the court adopted the advice of _Y_ to implement the 'Decree of Extending Favor' (Tui En Ling), alongside establishing state monopolies on salt and iron to fund military and administrative expansions."
— Adapted from History of the Qin and Han Dynasties
Source 3:
Map showing major wartime event locations during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945):
- Location A: Wanping / Lugou Bridge (near Beiping)
- Location B: Taierzhuang (Southern Shandong)
Source 4:
A wartime poster depicting Chinese soldiers and civilians standing united shoulder-to-shoulder with Allied forces against Japanese military aggression, with the slogan: "United in Perseverance to Secure Final Victory."
Source 5:
"From 1941 onward, Allied material assistance flowed through the Burma Road and 'The Hump' airlift route. Following the Pacific War's outbreak, China coordinated operations with Allied forces across the China-Burma-India theater, pinning down over one million Japanese ground troops."
— Adapted from Modern History of East Asia
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(a) Ancient Section (Qin and Han Policies) [20 marks]
(i) Identify the school of thought advocated in Source 1 and match it with the correct school below; identify Person _Y_ mentioned in Source 2: (2 marks)
[School of Thought]
A. Confucianism
B. Daoism (Huang-Lao)
C. Legalism
D. Mohism
[Person Y]
1. Jia Yi
2. Chao Cuo
3. Zhufu Yan
4. Sang Hongyang
(ii) Citing historical facts, elaborate on the concrete measures and positive impacts of the "Rest and Recuperation" (與民休息) policy in early Western Han. (6 marks)
(iii) State the primary political target of the "Decree of Extending Favor" (推恩令) and explain the method it used to weaken them. (2 marks)
(iv) Explain how the "Decree of Extending Favor" successfully resolved the problem of regional feudatories without triggering armed rebellion. (4 marks)
(v) Based on Source 2 and your historical knowledge, analyze why Emperor Wu of Han shifted from the early Han policy of "non-action" to active state centralization in political and economic realms. (6 marks)
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(b) Modern Section (War of Resistance Against Japan) [20 marks]
(i) Identify the historical events corresponding to Location A and Location B in Source 3, and state the respective time period (Period ①: 1937; Period ②: 1938; Period ③: 1945) in which each occurred. (4 marks)
(ii) With reference to historical facts, explain how Event A marked a turning point in China's resistance against Japan, and explain the strategic significance of Event B. (4 marks)
(iii) What viewpoint does the wartime poster in Source 4 reflect regarding the path to victory in the War of Resistance? Provide one piece of visual evidence from Source 4 to support your answer. (3 marks)
(iv) Based on Source 4, Source 5, and citing historical facts, analyze the key factors that enabled China to achieve ultimate victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. (9 marks)
Source 1:
"Following the severe devastation of the Qin collapse and the Chu-Han Contention, early Western Han rulers adopted the policy of 'Governing through Non-action' (Wuwei), reducing taxes and corvée labor to allow the population to rest and rehabilitate."
— Adapted from General History of China
Source 2:
"During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, to strengthen centralized authority and eliminate internal divisions, the court adopted the advice of _Y_ to implement the 'Decree of Extending Favor' (Tui En Ling), alongside establishing state monopolies on salt and iron to fund military and administrative expansions."
— Adapted from History of the Qin and Han Dynasties
Source 3:
Map showing major wartime event locations during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945):
- Location A: Wanping / Lugou Bridge (near Beiping)
- Location B: Taierzhuang (Southern Shandong)
Source 4:
A wartime poster depicting Chinese soldiers and civilians standing united shoulder-to-shoulder with Allied forces against Japanese military aggression, with the slogan: "United in Perseverance to Secure Final Victory."
Source 5:
"From 1941 onward, Allied material assistance flowed through the Burma Road and 'The Hump' airlift route. Following the Pacific War's outbreak, China coordinated operations with Allied forces across the China-Burma-India theater, pinning down over one million Japanese ground troops."
— Adapted from Modern History of East Asia
---
(a) Ancient Section (Qin and Han Policies) [20 marks]
(i) Identify the school of thought advocated in Source 1 and match it with the correct school below; identify Person _Y_ mentioned in Source 2: (2 marks)
[School of Thought]
A. Confucianism
B. Daoism (Huang-Lao)
C. Legalism
D. Mohism
[Person Y]
1. Jia Yi
2. Chao Cuo
3. Zhufu Yan
4. Sang Hongyang
(ii) Citing historical facts, elaborate on the concrete measures and positive impacts of the "Rest and Recuperation" (與民休息) policy in early Western Han. (6 marks)
(iii) State the primary political target of the "Decree of Extending Favor" (推恩令) and explain the method it used to weaken them. (2 marks)
(iv) Explain how the "Decree of Extending Favor" successfully resolved the problem of regional feudatories without triggering armed rebellion. (4 marks)
(v) Based on Source 2 and your historical knowledge, analyze why Emperor Wu of Han shifted from the early Han policy of "non-action" to active state centralization in political and economic realms. (6 marks)
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(b) Modern Section (War of Resistance Against Japan) [20 marks]
(i) Identify the historical events corresponding to Location A and Location B in Source 3, and state the respective time period (Period ①: 1937; Period ②: 1938; Period ③: 1945) in which each occurred. (4 marks)
(ii) With reference to historical facts, explain how Event A marked a turning point in China's resistance against Japan, and explain the strategic significance of Event B. (4 marks)
(iii) What viewpoint does the wartime poster in Source 4 reflect regarding the path to victory in the War of Resistance? Provide one piece of visual evidence from Source 4 to support your answer. (3 marks)
(iv) Based on Source 4, Source 5, and citing historical facts, analyze the key factors that enabled China to achieve ultimate victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. (9 marks)
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解題
Part (a):
(i) School: B (Daoism / Huang-Lao) (1 mark); Person Y: 3 (Zhufu Yan) (1 mark).
(ii) Measures: Lowering land tax (e.g., Emperor Wen reduced tax to 1/30th and even exempted it for several years); reducing labor and military corvée obligations; adopting frugal imperial spending. Impacts: Promoted agricultural rehabilitation, rapidly increased national grain reserves and treasury wealth (the "Rule of Wen and Jing"), and stabilized social order after extensive war devastation. (6 marks)
(iii) Target: Regional feudatory princes (諸侯王) (1 mark). Method: Decreeing that princes must divide their domain lands among all younger sons into secondary marquisates (hou), rather than passing the entire realm solely to the eldest heir (1 mark).
(iv) The decree disguised imperial favor as benevolence toward younger princely sons, avoiding direct armed confrontation; it naturally fragmented large rival fiefs into tiny administrative parcels directly overseen by imperial commandery governors over generations. (4 marks)
(v) 1. Objective material foundation: The wealth accumulated during the Rule of Wen and Jing provided the fiscal strength for imperial expansion. 2. External threat: Intensified incursions by the nomadic Xiongnu required centralized mobilization of troops, finances, and resources. 3. Internal governance: Wealthy merchants monopolized key commodities (salt, iron) and regional princes maintained autonomous power, necessitating active central intervention to consolidate absolute monarchical power and finance state enterprises. (6 marks)
Part (b):
(i) Location A: Marco Polo Bridge Incident / July 7 Incident (1 mark), Period ① (1937) (1 mark). Location B: Battle of Taierzhuang (1 mark), Period ② (1938) (1 mark).
(ii) Event A: Ended the policy of non-resistance / localized appeasement and launched nationwide full-scale war of resistance against Japanese aggression (2 marks). Event B: The National Revolutionary Army inflicted heavy casualties on elite Japanese divisions, boosting national morale and shattering the Japanese military myth of quick subjugation (2 marks).
(iii) Viewpoint: Demonstrates that defeating the aggressor required wholehearted unity among all social strata within China, coupled with solidarity and mutual support alongside Allied democratic powers (2 marks). Evidence: Soldiers, ordinary civilians, and Allied personnel standing united shoulder-to-shoulder holding weapons/slogans (1 mark).
(iv) 1. All-Nation Unity: Formation of the Second United Front (KMT-CPC cooperation) and widespread mobilization of all social classes, overseas Chinese, and ethnic groups sustaining protracted resistance. 2. Strategic synergy: Frontal battlefield resistance (e.g., Songhu, Wuhan, Taierzhuang) combined with extensive guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, wearing down Japanese forces in a war of attrition. 3. Allied support and international coalition: Lend-Lease supplies via the Burma Road/Hump, US Air Force / Flying Tigers operations, Soviet aid, and joint Allied counter-offensives across the Pacific and Asian mainland culminating in Japan's unconditional surrender. (9 marks)
(i) School: B (Daoism / Huang-Lao) (1 mark); Person Y: 3 (Zhufu Yan) (1 mark).
(ii) Measures: Lowering land tax (e.g., Emperor Wen reduced tax to 1/30th and even exempted it for several years); reducing labor and military corvée obligations; adopting frugal imperial spending. Impacts: Promoted agricultural rehabilitation, rapidly increased national grain reserves and treasury wealth (the "Rule of Wen and Jing"), and stabilized social order after extensive war devastation. (6 marks)
(iii) Target: Regional feudatory princes (諸侯王) (1 mark). Method: Decreeing that princes must divide their domain lands among all younger sons into secondary marquisates (hou), rather than passing the entire realm solely to the eldest heir (1 mark).
(iv) The decree disguised imperial favor as benevolence toward younger princely sons, avoiding direct armed confrontation; it naturally fragmented large rival fiefs into tiny administrative parcels directly overseen by imperial commandery governors over generations. (4 marks)
(v) 1. Objective material foundation: The wealth accumulated during the Rule of Wen and Jing provided the fiscal strength for imperial expansion. 2. External threat: Intensified incursions by the nomadic Xiongnu required centralized mobilization of troops, finances, and resources. 3. Internal governance: Wealthy merchants monopolized key commodities (salt, iron) and regional princes maintained autonomous power, necessitating active central intervention to consolidate absolute monarchical power and finance state enterprises. (6 marks)
Part (b):
(i) Location A: Marco Polo Bridge Incident / July 7 Incident (1 mark), Period ① (1937) (1 mark). Location B: Battle of Taierzhuang (1 mark), Period ② (1938) (1 mark).
(ii) Event A: Ended the policy of non-resistance / localized appeasement and launched nationwide full-scale war of resistance against Japanese aggression (2 marks). Event B: The National Revolutionary Army inflicted heavy casualties on elite Japanese divisions, boosting national morale and shattering the Japanese military myth of quick subjugation (2 marks).
(iii) Viewpoint: Demonstrates that defeating the aggressor required wholehearted unity among all social strata within China, coupled with solidarity and mutual support alongside Allied democratic powers (2 marks). Evidence: Soldiers, ordinary civilians, and Allied personnel standing united shoulder-to-shoulder holding weapons/slogans (1 mark).
(iv) 1. All-Nation Unity: Formation of the Second United Front (KMT-CPC cooperation) and widespread mobilization of all social classes, overseas Chinese, and ethnic groups sustaining protracted resistance. 2. Strategic synergy: Frontal battlefield resistance (e.g., Songhu, Wuhan, Taierzhuang) combined with extensive guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, wearing down Japanese forces in a war of attrition. 3. Allied support and international coalition: Lend-Lease supplies via the Burma Road/Hump, US Air Force / Flying Tigers operations, Soviet aid, and joint Allied counter-offensives across the Pacific and Asian mainland culminating in Japan's unconditional surrender. (9 marks)
評分準則
Part (a) [20 marks]:
(i) 1 mark for School B; 1 mark for Person 3. Total: 2 marks.
(ii) Up to 3 marks for concrete historical measures (e.g., tax cuts to 1/30, labor corvée reduction, frugality); up to 3 marks for impacts (e.g., agricultural recovery, Rule of Wen and Jing, economic surplus). Total: 6 marks.
(iii) 1 mark for identifying feudatory princes (諸侯王); 1 mark for explaining division among multiple sons. Total: 2 marks.
(iv) 2 marks for explaining the mechanism of territorial fragmentation into small marquisates; 2 marks for explaining why it prevented open rebellion (seen as benevolence to younger sons, peaceful dissolution of threat). Total: 4 marks.
(v) 3 marks for internal economic and political needs (consolidation of power, curb merchants, state monopoly revenues); 3 marks for external military necessity (Xiongnu campaigns, transitioning from passive defense to active offensive). Total: 6 marks.
Part (b) [20 marks]:
(i) Event A: 1 mark for Marco Polo Bridge Incident / Lugouqiao; 1 mark for Period ①. Event B: 1 mark for Battle of Taierzhuang; 1 mark for Period ②. Total: 4 marks.
(ii) 2 marks for explaining Event A's significance (outbreak of all-out national resistance); 2 marks for Event B's significance (first major tactical victory, boosting morale, disrupting Japanese war plans). Total: 4 marks.
(iii) 2 marks for correct interpretation of the artist's viewpoint (whole-nation solidarity and Allied cooperation); 1 mark for pointing out specific visual evidence from the cartoon/poster. Total: 3 marks.
(iv) Analytic essay-style marking (Total: 9 marks):
- 7-9 marks: Comprehensive, well-structured analysis covering domestic factors (National United Front, whole-nation protracted defense, frontal & rear guerrilla synergy) and international factors (Allied logistics, air support, multi-theater cooperation), supported by rich, accurate historical evidence.
- 4-6 marks: Covers both internal and external factors with reasonable historical references, though depth or balance is somewhat uneven.
- 1-3 marks: Superficial listing of points or heavily skewed toward a single factor with limited or erroneous historical facts.
- 0 marks: Irrelevant or completely erroneous response.
(i) 1 mark for School B; 1 mark for Person 3. Total: 2 marks.
(ii) Up to 3 marks for concrete historical measures (e.g., tax cuts to 1/30, labor corvée reduction, frugality); up to 3 marks for impacts (e.g., agricultural recovery, Rule of Wen and Jing, economic surplus). Total: 6 marks.
(iii) 1 mark for identifying feudatory princes (諸侯王); 1 mark for explaining division among multiple sons. Total: 2 marks.
(iv) 2 marks for explaining the mechanism of territorial fragmentation into small marquisates; 2 marks for explaining why it prevented open rebellion (seen as benevolence to younger sons, peaceful dissolution of threat). Total: 4 marks.
(v) 3 marks for internal economic and political needs (consolidation of power, curb merchants, state monopoly revenues); 3 marks for external military necessity (Xiongnu campaigns, transitioning from passive defense to active offensive). Total: 6 marks.
Part (b) [20 marks]:
(i) Event A: 1 mark for Marco Polo Bridge Incident / Lugouqiao; 1 mark for Period ①. Event B: 1 mark for Battle of Taierzhuang; 1 mark for Period ②. Total: 4 marks.
(ii) 2 marks for explaining Event A's significance (outbreak of all-out national resistance); 2 marks for Event B's significance (first major tactical victory, boosting morale, disrupting Japanese war plans). Total: 4 marks.
(iii) 2 marks for correct interpretation of the artist's viewpoint (whole-nation solidarity and Allied cooperation); 1 mark for pointing out specific visual evidence from the cartoon/poster. Total: 3 marks.
(iv) Analytic essay-style marking (Total: 9 marks):
- 7-9 marks: Comprehensive, well-structured analysis covering domestic factors (National United Front, whole-nation protracted defense, frontal & rear guerrilla synergy) and international factors (Allied logistics, air support, multi-theater cooperation), supported by rich, accurate historical evidence.
- 4-6 marks: Covers both internal and external factors with reasonable historical references, though depth or balance is somewhat uneven.
- 1-3 marks: Superficial listing of points or heavily skewed toward a single factor with limited or erroneous historical facts.
- 0 marks: Irrelevant or completely erroneous response.