2024 IB DP Digital society 模擬試題連答案詳解

An autonomous weeding robot can use high-resolution optical cameras to capture visual features of leaves (such as shape and color) and LIDAR to determine 3D structure and spatial distance, allowing its processing system to differentiate weeds from crops.

Award [1] mark for each valid physical sensor identified, up to [2] marks:
- Optical camera / RGB camera [1]
- LIDAR / Depth sensor [1]
- Multispectral / Infrared sensor [1]
Note: Do not accept vague answers like "computer" or general "sensors".

Training an AI on historical employment data can perpetuate and scale existing human biases (such as gender or racial disparities present in past hiring). Additionally, it presents transparency concerns if the algorithms function as a "black box," making it impossible for rejected candidates to understand or challenge the decision.

Award [1] mark for each distinct, valid ethical concern up to [2] marks:
- Algorithmic bias / perpetuation of historical human discrimination in hiring [1]
- Lack of transparency / explainability / "black-box" decision-making [1]
- Privacy/consent issues regarding the repurposing of historical applicant data [1]

A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a relational database table, ensuring entity integrity by preventing duplicate rows. It also serves as a crucial link to establish relationships with other tables where it is referenced as a foreign key.

Award [1] mark for each valid benefit outlined, up to [2] marks:
- Ensures uniqueness of records / prevents duplicate entries / maintains entity integrity [1]
- Allows tables to be linked / facilitates relationships via foreign keys [1]
- Improves database search, querying, and indexing efficiency [1]

A VPN protects user privacy by establishing an encrypted tunnel for all data traffic, making it unreadable to eavesdroppers on the public Wi-Fi network. It also routes the traffic through a remote VPN server, which masks the user's actual IP address and location.

Award [1] mark for each correct way identified, up to [2] marks:
- Encrypts the data packets / internet traffic [1]
- Hides / masks the user's real IP address / geographical location [1]
- Prevents the local public network operator or ISP from monitoring specific sites visited [1]

E-participation refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to engage citizens and allow them to actively participate in political decision-making and governance. An example of a digital tool is an official online portal for public consultations or digital petitions.

Award [1] mark for a clear definition of e-participation:
- Use of digital technology/ICT to engage or involve citizens in democratic/political processes or decision-making [1]

Award [1] mark for identifying a valid digital tool:
- Online public consultation portals / feedback forums [1]
- Digital petition platforms / e-petitions [1]
- Online voting / e-voting systems [1]

Collaborative filtering identifies patterns in user behavior and recommends items that other users with similar tastes enjoyed. In contrast, content-based filtering analyzes the specific attributes or metadata of items (such as genre, keywords, or author) and recommends similar items to those the specific user has interacted with in the past.

Award [2] marks for a clear contrast between the two approaches:
- Explains collaborative filtering (recommends items based on the behavior, preferences, or ratings of other, similar users) [1]
- Explains content-based filtering (recommends items based on the specific features, attributes, or metadata of the items the target user previously liked/purchased) [1]

Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) can be integrated into fulfillment centers to handle strenuous physical labor.

1. First, AMRs automate the heavy lifting and long-distance transport of goods across the warehouse floor.
2. Second, by transferring these physically demanding tasks to robots, human workers are no longer required to carry heavy weights or walk excessive distances daily.
3. Consequently, this change reduces physical fatigue and decreases the likelihood of chronic occupational health issues, such as musculoskeletal strains and joint injuries.

Award [1 mark] for identifying a valid impact on physical well-being (e.g., reduction of fatigue, decrease in musculoskeletal injuries).
Award [1 mark] for explaining how AMRs take over or alter the physical tasks (e.g., by carrying heavy payloads, automating long-distance walking).
Award [1 mark] for linking this process to the positive health outcome or reduction of risk for the workers.

When a user connects to a public Wi-Fi network, their data is vulnerable to packet sniffing. A VPN mitigates this threat through the following mechanism:

1. It creates a secure, encrypted tunnel between the user's digital device and a remote VPN server.
2. All data packets transmitted from the device are encrypted before they traverse the public Wi-Fi network.
3. If an unauthorized actor on the same network attempts to intercept these packets, they will only access strongly encrypted ciphertext, rendering the stolen data completely unreadable and useless to them.

Award [1 mark] for identifying that the VPN establishes an encrypted connection/tunnel between the user's device and the VPN server.
Award [1 mark] for explaining that all transmitted data packets are encrypted before being sent over the local public network.
Award [1 mark] for explaining the consequence: any intercepted data is rendered completely unreadable (ciphertext) to unauthorized actors on the network.

An outstanding response should construct a balanced and well-structured discussion: Focus Area 1: Impact on freelance human illustrators. Freelancers suffer immediate economic impacts due to lost income opportunities as agencies automate design tasks. This can lead to broader socio-economic challenges within the creative community. Ethical issues involve intellectual property: AI systems are trained on datasets containing billions of images often scraped without permission, meaning the AI is profiting from human artists' labor without compensation. The loss of human agency and cultural expression is also an ethical concern, as art is reduced to mathematical patterns. Focus Area 2: Impact on the agency's clients. From an operational standpoint, clients benefit from rapid generation of multiple design iterations and significantly lower fees. However, this introduces serious legal and ethical grey areas: AI-generated content may not be eligible for copyright protection under current laws in many jurisdictions, leaving clients unable to trademark their branding assets. There is also the risk of 'hallucinated' errors or cultural insensitivity embedded in AI-generated imagery, which could harm a client's brand reputation. Conclusion: The agency must balance the economic efficiency of generative AI with the social responsibility of supporting human creators and ensuring legal and authentic outcomes for their clients. A hybrid 'co-creativity' approach may mitigate these issues.

Marks are awarded using the following level descriptors: [1 to 2 marks]: The response is descriptive and demonstrates limited knowledge of generative AI. There is little or no discussion of social or ethical impacts, or the response is highly unstructured. [3 to 4 marks]: The response demonstrates some understanding of generative AI and outlines at least one impact on illustrators (e.g., job loss) or clients (e.g., lower costs). The discussion is largely one-sided and lacks depth. [5 to 6 marks]: The response demonstrates a good understanding of both social and ethical impacts on both stakeholder groups (illustrators and clients). There is an attempt at a balanced discussion, analyzing issues such as intellectual property rights, data sourcing, and economic displacement. Appropriate digital society terminology is used. [7 to 8 marks]: The response offers an excellent, balanced, and well-structured discussion. It clearly evaluates the tension between economic efficiency (for clients/agency) and ethical responsibilities (towards artists). It uses precise digital society concepts (e.g., copyright, data provenance, deskilling) and provides a nuanced conclusion or recommendation.

Any valid ethical concern mentioned in the source material, such as: 1. Privacy violations from onboard surveillance cameras. 2. Safety hazards to residents or pets in the event of a technical malfunction. 3. Intrusive noise pollution impacting community well-being.

Award [1] mark for stating any valid ethical concern. Acceptable answers include: - Loss of privacy or surveillance concerns from drone cameras. - Safety and physical risk of injury from drone crashes. - Noise pollution. Do not accept purely economic or technical concerns (such as drone maintenance costs) unless explicitly linked to an ethical issue.

A primary technical benefit of a wireless mesh network is its decentralization and self-healing capability. If one node goes offline, data can dynamically reroute through alternative nodes, preventing a single point of failure.

Award [1] mark for stating a valid technical benefit. Acceptable answers include: - Redundancy or self-healing (no single point of failure). - Dynamic rerouting of data packets. - Ease of expanding coverage (scalability) by simply adding more nodes. Reject general, non-technical benefits like 'it is better' or 'it is cheaper' without technical context.

Concern 1: Lack of Consent and Autonomy. (1 mark) Citizens lack the ability to provide meaningful consent. (1 mark) Because public transit is a vital public utility, commuters cannot easily choose to opt out of the system. This forces individuals to surrender highly sensitive biometric data simply to access essential daily transportation, compromising their digital autonomy. Concern 2: Function Creep. (1 mark) The risk of function creep where data is used beyond its original purpose. (1 mark) Although the biometric data is initially collected for transit-related activities like monitoring flow or fare enforcement, it could eventually be shared with third parties, such as national security agencies or police databases, without further authorization or oversight.

For each of the two ethical concerns explained: [1 mark] for identifying a valid ethical concern related to biometric data collection and processing, and [1 mark] for explaining the concern in the context of the public transit scenario. Award a maximum of 2 marks per concern, up to a total of [4 marks]. Potential ethical concerns include: 1. Lack of informed consent or loss of autonomy: Citizens must use public transit and cannot easily opt-out. 2. Function creep: Data collected for fare evasion being repurposed for broader state surveillance. 3. Security risks and identity theft: If the centralized database is breached, citizens' permanent facial templates are compromised. 4. Algorithmic bias and discrimination: High error rates in facial recognition for minority groups could lead to false accusations of fare evasion.

To gain maximum marks, the candidate must provide balanced comparisons and contrasts focusing specifically on the social and environmental domains:

1. Similarities (Compare):
- **Environmental impact**: Both systems offer localized emission-free delivery by replacing heavy combustion-engine delivery vans, aiding urban air quality.
- **Social/Privacy impact**: Both capture continuous high-definition video/sensor data of their surroundings, generating concerns over passive surveillance of urban citizens.
- **Social/Safety impact**: Both introduce physical safety risks and require new legal frameworks for public liability in cases of autonomous system malfunction.

2. Differences (Contrast):
- **Social/Space impact**: Wheeled ground robots directly impede pedestrian traffic on sidewalks, presenting barriers for wheelchair users and visually impaired individuals. Drones, conversely, congest low-altitude airspace, introducing persistent high-frequency motor noise that disrupts communities.
- **Environmental/Energy efficiency**: Ground robots rely on rolling friction, making them highly energy-efficient for heavy payloads. Drones must constantly combat gravity, resulting in high energy expenditure per kilogram of cargo, limiting their environmental benefits to very light, urgent payloads (e.g., medical supplies).
- **Regulatory & Safety risk profile**: Drones carry the risk of mid-air collisions with birds, manned aircraft, or power lines, resulting in catastrophic vertical falls. Ground robots pose a lower-kinetic-energy risk, generally stalling in place if a sensor path is obstructed, leading to higher societal tolerance.

For a 'Compare and contrast' question, marks are allocated based on the depth of the analysis of both similarities and differences.

- [1 mark] for each valid, clearly explained similarity (up to [3 marks]).
- [1 mark] for each valid, clearly explained difference (up to [3 marks]).

Notes:
- To achieve more than [4 marks], the candidate must address both social and environmental impacts.
- Responses that only compare or only contrast can receive a maximum of [3 marks].
- Reject generic statements about robots that do not distinguish between 'aerial drones' and 'wheeled ground robots'.

### Model Essay Outline

**Introduction**
* **Define key terms:** Autonomous robotic systems in healthcare (systems that act independently based on sensor data and programmed algorithms without direct human intervention).
* **Contextualize with Source A:** MediBot-3 demonstrates the tension between operational efficiency (30% reduction in wait times) and ethical/clinical concerns (safety, privacy, loss of empathy).
* **Thesis Statement:** While autonomous robots offer substantial opportunities for optimizing triage flow and gathering basic physiological data, healthcare providers should only rely on them to a limited extent. They must serve strictly as assistive tools rather than autonomous decision-makers, because high-pressure medical environments require clinical intuition, ethical accountability, and human empathy that machines cannot replicate.

**Arguments Supporting Reliance (Opportunities/Benefits)**
* **Operational Efficiency and Resource Management:** High-pressure emergency departments often suffer from severe understaffing. As seen in Source A, a 30% reduction in wait times is a significant improvement. Robots can work continuously without fatigue, managing routine tasks (taking blood pressure, temperature) and allowing human staff to focus on acute medical crises.
* **Standardization and Error Reduction:** Robots perform repetitive data-collection tasks with high precision and consistency, reducing the risk of human transcription or measurement errors when recording patient vitals into Electronic Health Records (EHRs).

**Arguments Against Over-Reliance (Challenges/Risks)**
* **Loss of Clinical Intuition and Safety Risks:** Autonomous systems rely on quantitative data. They lack the qualitative clinical intuition (e.g., noticing a patient's subtle change in skin tone, labored breathing, or anxious demeanor) that experienced human nurses use to spot life-threatening deterioration that might not yet register on vital sign monitors.
* **Ethical and Legal Accountability:** If an autonomous triage robot misclassifies a patient with an atypical presentation of a heart attack (e.g., gastrointestinal discomfort) as low priority, who is liable for the resulting harm? The hospital, the software developers, or the attending clinicians?
* **Data Privacy and Cybersecurity:** MediBot-3 collects sensitive personal health data. Autonomous robots acting as endpoints in hospital networks present a cybersecurity risk, potentially exposing patients to data breaches or ransomware attacks.
* **The Value of Human Empathy:** Emergency departments are high-stress environments where patients experience vulnerability and fear. A robotic interface cannot provide genuine emotional support, reassurance, or compassionate care, which are clinically proven to improve patient outcomes and trust.

**Conclusion / Synthesis**
* **To what extent evaluation:** To a **limited extent** as an administrative and diagnostic assistant.
* **Recommendation:** A hybrid model of human-robot collaboration is optimal. Autonomous systems should perform preparatory tasks (gathering initial vitals) but must feed this data directly to a human triaging clinician who retains final decision-making power. This balances systemic efficiency with patient safety and core humanistic values.

### Marking Rubric (Total: 12 Marks)

**[10–12 Marks] Excellent / Highly Developed**
* The response demonstrates a highly detailed and accurate understanding of autonomous robotic systems and their socio-ethical implications in healthcare.
* Evaluates "to what extent" with a well-balanced, sophisticated argument that thoroughly addresses both the opportunities (efficiency, data consistency) and the challenges (safety, accountability, empathy, privacy).
* Integrates the Source A scenario seamlessly with broader digital society concepts (such as values and ethics, systems, and change).
* Structure is highly logical, with a clear, nuanced thesis and a persuasive, synthesised conclusion.

**[7–9 Marks] Good / Developed**
* Demonstrates good knowledge of autonomous technologies and healthcare contexts.
* Offers a balanced discussion of the pros and cons of autonomous robots in triage/care.
* Expresses a clear view on the "to what extent" aspect of the question, backed by relevant arguments.
* Refers directly to Source A, though the integration of outside digital society concepts could be deeper.

**[4–6 Marks] Basic / Descriptive**
* Demonstrates basic understanding of robots or AI in healthcare, but explanations may be superficial or descriptive.
* Argument is somewhat one-sided or lacks a clear, evaluative conclusion on "to what extent."
* Refers to Source A only in passing without integrating it into a structured argument.

**[1–3 Marks] Limited / Minimal**
* Shows minimal understanding of autonomous technology or the medical context.
* The essay is disorganized, brief, or largely irrelevant.
* No clear thesis or conclusion is presented.