2025 IB DP History 模擬試題連答案詳解

The response should analyze both political and economic impacts. Politically: The economic collapse discredited President Hipolito Yrigoyen, leading to the military coup of September 1930 led by Jose Felix Uriburu. This ushered in the 'Infamous Decade' (Decada Infame) characterized by systematic electoral fraud, corruption, and the rule of the Concordancia coalition. Economically: The collapse of international trade devastated Argentina's agro-export economy. In response, the government implemented state interventionist policies, including the creation of the Central Bank and regulatory boards. The Roca-Runciman Treaty of 1933 secured a British market share for Argentine beef at the cost of major concessions. Crucially, the crisis catalyzed Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), which led to significant urban industrial growth, the expansion of the working class, and internal migration from rural areas to Buenos Aires, setting the stage for the rise of Peronism.

Marks are awarded based on the following bands: 13 to 15 marks: Deep and accurate historical knowledge is used to construct a highly analytical, balanced, and well-structured argument. Perspectives are evaluated effectively. 10 to 12 marks: Detailed historical knowledge is used to support a clear and structured argument, though some narrative elements may exist. 7 to 9 marks: General historical knowledge is presented with a basic attempt to address the prompt, but lacks depth or consistent analysis. 4 to 6 marks: Limited knowledge is shown; the response is mostly descriptive or struggles to focus on the prompt. 1 to 3 marks: Little to no relevant historical knowledge is demonstrated.

The response should evaluate the impact of key reforms. Emancipation of the Serfs (1861): Freed millions of peasants but burdened them with heavy redemption payments, inadequate land allocations, and continued control by the mir (commune), which failed to resolve agrarian poverty or modernize agriculture. Zemstva Reforms (1864): Introduced local government bodies that improved regional education, healthcare, and infrastructure, but they lacked real political power and were dominated by the nobility. Judicial Reforms (1864): Established an independent judiciary, public trials, and jury systems, which were highly progressive but clashed with autocratic rule, leading to subsequent restrictions on political trials. Military Reforms (1874): Introduced universal conscription and shortened service, creating a more efficient army but failing to overcome deeper industrial and transport limitations. The essay should conclude that by failing to reform the autocratic system itself, the reforms created expectations of change that Alexander II could not safely satisfy, fueling revolutionary movements.

Marks are awarded based on the following bands: 13 to 15 marks: Shows a clear understanding of the prompt, presents a well-structured argument with analytical depth, and supports it with rich historical evidence regarding Alexander II's reforms. 10 to 12 marks: Addresses the prompt directly with good historical detail, though the synthesis of different reforms may be slightly uneven. 7 to 9 marks: Shows basic knowledge of the Emancipation and other reforms but relies more on description than analytical evaluation. 4 to 6 marks: Limited knowledge, focusing briefly on the emancipation without exploring wider structural weaknesses. 1 to 3 marks: Vague, inaccurate, or irrelevant assertions about 19th-century Russia.

Political causes: Algerian Muslims were treated as second-class citizens under French colonial rule. The 1947 Statute of Algeria, which offered minor political concessions, was consistently subverted by colonial authorities through rigged elections to maintain colon political dominance. Peaceful nationalist routes led by figures like Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas were frustrated. The Sétif and Guelma massacres of 1945 deeply radicalized the nationalist movement, convincing many that peaceful change was impossible, leading to the formation of the FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale) in 1954. Economic causes: There was a stark economic disparity between the European minority (pieds-noirs) and the Algerian Muslim majority. Colons controlled the most fertile agricultural land, while the majority of Algerians suffered from landlessness, unemployment, widespread poverty, and a lack of access to education and social services. These grievances created a fertile ground for mobilization by the FLN, culminating in the coordinated attacks of Red All Saints' Day in November 1954.

Marks are awarded based on the following bands: 13 to 15 marks: Demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the political and economic factors, presenting a balanced, highly analytical, and well-supported argument. 10 to 12 marks: Addresses both political and economic causes clearly with relevant historical detail, though one aspect may be developed more than the other. 7 to 9 marks: Offers a basic description of the causes of the war but lacks analytical depth or balanced coverage of both political and economic factors. 4 to 6 marks: Provides a superficial narrative of the Algerian War without focusing on the underlying causes. 1 to 3 marks: Demonstrates little or no relevant knowledge of Algerian history.