N5 文脈規定: The Right Word for the Context
文脈規定(ぶんみゃくきてい)means "contextually-defined expressions": in 問題3 (6 items) you get a sentence with a blank —( )— and choose which of 4 words fits. All four options are usually the same part of speech, so grammar won't save you; you must know what each word means and which words it teams up with. This chapter is the N5 vocabulary-in-action course: the word groups the exam draws from, the verb "families" that get confused, and the fixed word-partnerships (collocations) that decide answers instantly.
1. The Verb Families (Where the Traps Live)
問題3 loves offering four similar verbs. Master these families and you own the question:
The "wearing" family — Japanese picks the verb by body zone!
| Verb | Used for | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 着ます(きます) | upper body / whole body | シャツを着ます。セーターを着ます。 |
| はきます | waist down: pants, skirts, shoes, socks | ズボンをはきます。くつをはきます。 |
| かぶります | on the head | ぼうしをかぶります。 |
| かけます | glasses | めがねをかけます。 |
| します | accessories: tie, scarf | ネクタイをします。 |
Pair verbs: someone does it vs it happens
| I do it (transitive, を) | It happens (intransitive, が) |
|---|---|
| 開けます(あけます)ドアを開けます | 開きます(あきます)ドアが開きます |
| 閉めます(しめます)窓を閉めます | 閉まります(しまります)店が閉まります |
| つけます 電気をつけます | つきます 電気がつきます |
| 消します(けします)テレビを消します | 消えます(きえます)電気が消えます |
| 始めます(はじめます)授業を始めます | 始まります(はじまります)映画が始まります |
| 出します(だします)手紙を出します | 出ます(でます)家を出ます |
Spot the particle in the exam sentence: を before the blank points to the left column, が to the right. This single check answers many items. (One famous exception, visible in the table itself: motion OUT OF a place takes を even with an intransitive verb — 家を出ます, バスを降ります.)
Direction pairs (whose action is it?)
| Pair | Difference | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 貸します(かします)/借ります(かります) | lend / borrow | 友だちに本を貸します。銀行にお金を借ります。 |
| 教えます(おしえます)/習います(ならいます) | teach / take lessons | 先生が教えます。わたしはピアノを習います。 |
| あげます/もらいます | give / receive | 母にプレゼントをあげます。友だちに手紙をもらいます。 |
| 売ります(うります)/買います(かいます) | sell / buy | 店で売っています。パンを買います。 |
| 行きます/来ます/帰ります | go / come / return home | 学校に行きます。友だちが来ます。うちへ帰ります。 |
Other tested verb clusters
- put/place: 置きます(おきます — put down), 入れます(いれます — put in), 出します(take out), 並べます(ならべます — line up).
- take/hold/carry: 取ります(とります — take), 持ちます(もちます — hold/have), 撮ります(とります — take a photo!).
- learn-verbs: 覚えます(おぼえます — memorize), 忘れます(わすれます — forget), 分かります, 知ります.
- life verbs: 住みます(すみます — live in a place)+に, 勤めます(つとめます — work for)+に, 働きます(はたらきます — work)+で.
2. Collocations: Fixed Word Partnerships
Japanese pairs certain nouns with certain verbs — memorize the pair as one unit, because 問題3 tests exactly these:
| Collocation | Meaning | Watch out |
|---|---|---|
| シャワーをあびます | take a shower | not します |
| おふろに入ります | take a bath | に not を |
| かぜをひきます | catch a cold | fixed idiom |
| 電話をかけます | make a phone call | also 電話します |
| 写真を撮ります | take a photo | とります |
| 散歩(を)します | take a walk | 公園を散歩します |
| そうじ/せんたく/料理をします | clean / do laundry / cook | する-nouns |
| 気をつけます | be careful | 車に気をつけて! |
| おなかがすきます/のどがかわきます | get hungry / thirsty | すいた=hungry now |
| 雨が降ります/風が吹きます | rain falls / wind blows | ふります・ふきます |
| ギターを弾きます/歌を歌います | play guitar / sing | ひきます for strings/keys |
| 電車に乗ります/電車を降ります | get on / get off | に乗る・を降りる |
| プールで泳ぎます | swim in the pool | およぎます |
| 歯を磨きます | brush teeth | みがきます |
3. Adverbs: The Most-Tested Word Class
Adverbs are 問題3 gold because they have no kanji clue and subtle differences. The N5 set, grouped by job:
Frequency & time
| Adverb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| いつも | always | いつも7時に起きます。 |
| よく | often; well | よく映画を見ます。/よく分かりました。 |
| 時々(ときどき) | sometimes | 時々レストランで食べます。 |
| また | again | また来てください。 |
| もう | already; (+neg.) no more | もう食べました。 |
| まだ | still; (+neg.) not yet | まだ食べていません。 |
| すぐ(に) | right away | すぐに来てください。 |
| 初めて(はじめて) | for the first time | 初めてすしを食べました。 |
| ちょうど | exactly | 今ちょうど3時です。 |
Degree & quantity
| Adverb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| とても | very | とてもおいしいです。 |
| たいへん | very (formal); terribly | たいへん元気です。 |
| 少し(すこし)/ちょっと | a little | 少し高いです。/ちょっと待ってください。 |
| たくさん | a lot | たくさん食べました。 |
| あまり(+negative!) | not very | あまり好きじゃありません。 |
| ぜんぜん(+negative!) | not at all | ぜんぜん分かりません。 |
| だんだん | gradually | だんだん寒くなります。 |
| もっと | more | もっとゆっくり話してください。 |
| たぶん | probably | たぶん雨が降るでしょう。 |
Manner
ゆっくり (slowly), まっすぐ (straight), いっしょに (together), ひとりで (alone), みんなで (all together), 早く/速く(はやく — early/fast).
The polarity rule is exam bait: あまり and ぜんぜん demand a negative ending; もう+affirmative pairs against まだ+negative. If the sentence ends in 〜ません, options like とても become impossible — check the ending first!
4. Noun Zones & Counters
Nouns in 問題3 cluster around daily-life zones — review these sets and their "definition" phrasings (they return in the next chapter as paraphrases):
- Places + what you do there: 図書館(本を借りる), 郵便局(切手を買う・手紙を出す), 銀行(お金を出す), 八百屋(野菜を買う), 喫茶店(コーヒーを飲む), 食堂(ごはんを食べる), 交番(道を聞く).
- School set: 宿題をします, 質問があります, 授業が始まります, テストを受けます, 練習します, 作文を書きます.
- Household set: げんかん・ろうか・かいだん・にわ・まど・かぎをかけます.
- Weather set: 晴れ・くもり・雨・雪・風; 天気がいい/悪い.
Counters (from Basic Japanese, retested in blanks): 〜枚 flat things, 〜本 long things, 〜匹 small animals, 〜台 machines/vehicles, 〜冊 books, 〜階 floors, 〜回 times, 〜杯 cupfuls, 〜個 small items, 〜歳 age. Example: 「切手を三( )買いました」→ 枚.
5. How the Exam Tests This — and How to Win
Worked examples
さむいですから、まどを( )ください。
① あけて ② しめて ③ つけて ④ けして
Logic: because it's cold → close the window. Answer ② しめて. The reason-clause (から) is the context that "defines" the word — always read it.
この ズボンは 少し 小さいです。( )大きいのは ありますか。
① もっと ② とても ③ たくさん ④ ちょっと
"A little small → do you have a more big one?" Answer ① もっと. ② とても can't modify a comparison request; ④ ちょっと contradicts the need.
Strategy checklist
- Identify the option type first (4 verbs? 4 adverbs? 4 nouns?) — it tells you which knowledge to load.
- Read around the blank: the particle before it (を/が/に) filters verb options; the sentence ending (positive/negative) filters adverbs; the reason/result clauses give the logic.
- Plug in and sound-check: your ear, trained by example sentences, often rejects wrong options before analysis does. This is why you should always study vocab inside sentences.
- 6 items × ~40 seconds is a comfortable pace.
Summary & Key Takeaways
- 問題3(文脈規定, 6 items)= choose the word the context defines; options share a part of speech.
- Verb families decide most items: wearing verbs by body zone, transitive/intransitive pairs (を vs が!), direction pairs (貸す/借りる, 教える/習う, あげる/もらう).
- Collocations are answers waiting to happen: シャワーをあびる, かぜをひく, 写真を撮る, 気をつける, 電車に乗る.
- Adverbs + polarity: あまり・ぜんぜん →negative; もう↔まだ; とても vs もっと.
- Check particle before the blank and the sentence ending before weighing meanings — grammar clues halve the options.
- Study every new word inside its example sentence; the exam is a collocation test in disguise.
Appendix: Complete N5 Wordlist — Nouns & Verbs
Complete reference wordlist for this level (part 1: verbs & nouns). Work through it in passes of one group per day; every word you already met in the chapters above counts as review.
Nouns — time & calendar (63)
- 秋(あき) — autumn, fall
- 朝(あさ) — morning; breakfast
- 明後日(あさって) — day after tomorrow
- 明日(あした) — tomorrow; near future
- 一日(いちにち) — one day; all day (long), the whole day, from morning till night
- 5日(いつか) — 5th day of the month; five days
- 今(いま) — now, the present time, just now; another, more
- 一昨日(おととい) — day before yesterday
- 一昨年(おととし) — year before last
- 火曜日(かようび) — Tuesday
- 昨日(きのう) — yesterday
- 今日(きょう) — today, this day; these days, recently, nowadays
- 去年(きょねん) — last year
- 金曜日(きんようび) — Friday
- 今朝(けさ) — this morning
- 月曜日(げつようび) — Monday
- 午後(ごご) — afternoon, p.m.
- 9日(ここのか) — 9th day of the month; nine days
- 午前(ごぜん) — morning, a.m.
- 今年(ことし) — this year
- 今月(こんげつ) — this month
- 今週(こんしゅう) — this week
- 今晩(こんばん) — tonight, this evening
- 再来年(さらいねん) — year after next
- 時間(じかん) — time; hour
- 水曜日(すいようび) — Wednesday
- 先月(せんげつ) — last month
- 先週(せんしゅう) — last week, the week before
- 誕生日(たんじょうび) — birthday
- 1日(ついたち) — first day of the month, the first of the month
- 10日(とおか) — 10th day of the month; ten days
- 年(とし) — year; age, years
- 土曜日(どようび) — Saturday
- 夏(なつ) — summer
- 夏休み(なつやすみ) — summer vacation, summer holiday
- 7日(なのか) — 7th day of the month; seven days
- 日曜日(にちようび) — Sunday
- 20日(はつか) — 20th day of the month; 20 days
- 春(はる) — spring, springtime; New Year
- 晩(ばん) — evening, night; dinner, evening meal
- 晩御飯(ばんごはん) — dinner, evening meal
- 一月(ひとつき) — one month
- 暇(ひま) — spare time, free time, leisure; time (it takes to do something), time required
- 昼(ひる) — noon, midday; daytime
- 2日(ふつか) — 2nd day of the month; two days
- 冬(ふゆ) — winter
- 毎朝(まいあさ) — every morning
- 毎週(まいしゅう) — every week
- 毎日(まいにち) — every day, daily
- 毎晩(まいばん) — every night
- 3日(みっか) — 3rd day of the month; three days
- 6日(むいか) — 6th day of the month; six days
- 木曜日(もくようび) — Thursday
- 休み(やすみ) — rest, recess, respite; vacation, holiday, absence
- 夕方(ゆうがた) — early evening (usu. from 3pm to 6pm), dusk
- 夕飯(ゆうはん) — evening meal, dinner, supper
- 昨夜(ゆうべ) — last night, yesterday evening
- 8日(ようか) — 8th day of the month; eight days
- 4日(よっか) — 4th day of the month; four days
- 夜(よる) — night, evening; dinner
- 来月(らいげつ) — next month
- 来週(らいしゅう) — next week
- 来年(らいねん) — next year
Nouns — people, family & occupations (46)
- 兄(あに) — older brother, elder brother; brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband)
- 姉(あね) — older sister, elder sister
- 家(いえ) — house, residence, dwelling; family, household
- 医者(いしゃ) — doctor, physician
- 妹(いもうと) — younger sister
- 大勢(おおぜい) — crowd of people, great number of people; in great numbers
- お母さん(おかあさん) — mother, mom, mum; wife
- 奥さん(おくさん) — wife, your wife, his wife
- おじいさん — grandfather, male senior citizen
- 伯父/叔父さん(おじさん) — uncle, middle-aged man
- お父さん(おとうさん) — father, dad, papa; husband
- 弟(おとうと) — younger brother, little brother, kid brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband)
- 男の子(おとこのこ) — boy, son, baby boy; young man
- 大人(おとな) — adult, grown-up
- お兄さん(おにいさん) — older brother, elder brother; young man, buddy, fella
- お姉さん(おねえさん) — older sister, elder sister; young lady
- お祖母さん(おばあさん) — grandmother; old woman, female senior citizen
- 伯母さん(おばさん) — aunt
- お巡りさん(おまわりさん) — police officer
- 女の子(おんなのこ) — girl, daughter, baby girl; young woman
- 外国人(がいこくじん) — foreigner, foreign citizen, foreign national
- 学生(がくせい) — student (esp. a university student)
- 家族(かぞく) — family
- 方(かた) — direction, way; person, lady, gentleman
- 家庭(かてい) — home, household, family
- 兄弟(きょうだい) — brothers and sisters, siblings; half-siblings, step-siblings, siblings by marriage or adoption
- 警官(けいかん) — police officer, policeman, constable
- 交番(こうばん) — police box, koban, small neighborhood police station; alternation
- こっち — this person; this direction; this side
- 子供(こども) — child, children
- 生徒(せいと) — pupil, student, schoolchild
- 先生(せんせい) — teacher, instructor, master; sensei, title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.
- 父(ちち) — (my) father
- 友達(ともだち) — friend, companion
- 母(はは) — (my) mother
- 人(ひと) — person, someone, somebody; human beings, mankind, man
- 一人(ひとり) — one person; being alone, being by oneself
- 二人(ふたり) — two persons, two people, pair
- 他(ほか) — another place, some other place, somewhere else; another (person or thing), other, different
- 皆(みな) — everyone, everybody, all; everything, all
- 皆さん(みなさん) — all, everyone, everybody
- みんな — all, everyone, everybody
- 留学生(りゅうがくせい) — overseas student, exchange student
- 両親(りょうしん) — parents, both parents
- 男(おとこ) — man, male
- 女(おんな) — woman, female
Nouns — body & health (16)
- 足(あし) — foot, paw, arm (of an octopus, squid, etc.); leg
- 頭(あたま) — head; hair (on one's head)
- お腹(おなか) — belly, abdomen, stomach
- 顔(かお) — face (body part)
- 風邪(かぜ) — (common) cold, influenza, flu
- 体(からだ) — body; torso, trunk
- 薬(くすり) — medicine, pharmaceuticals, (legal) drugs; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.)
- 口(くち) — mouth; opening, hole, gap
- 声(こえ) — voice; singing (of a bird), chirping (of an insect), hoot
- 背(せ) — back; reverse, rear side, back (e.g. of a chair)
- 手(て) — hand, arm; forepaw, foreleg
- 歯(は) — tooth, teeth; tooth (of a comb, saw, etc.), cog
- 鼻(はな) — nose
- 病気(びょうき) — illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold), disease, sickness; bad habit, bad behaviour, weakness
- 耳(みみ) — ear; hearing
- 目(め) — eye, eyeball; eyesight, sight, vision
Nouns — food, drink & tableware (35)
- 朝ごはん(あさごはん) — breakfast
- 飴(あめ) — (hard) candy, toffee; rice-sugar, sugar made from the starch of rice, potatoes, etc.
- お菓子(おかし) — confections, sweets, candy
- お酒(おさけ) — alcohol, sake
- お皿(おさら) — plate, dish
- お茶(おちゃ) — tea (esp. green or barley); tea break, teatime
- お弁当(おべんとう) — bento, Japanese box lunch
- 喫茶店(きっさてん) — coffee shop, tearoom, coffee lounge; kissaten, traditional type of coffee shop with a retro atmosphere
- 牛肉(ぎゅうにく) — beef
- 牛乳(ぎゅうにゅう) — (cow's) milk
- 果物(くだもの) — fruit
- 紅茶(こうちゃ) — black tea
- コーヒー(珈琲) — coffee
- コップ — glass (drinking vessel), tumbler
- ご飯(ごはん) — cooked rice; meal
- 砂糖(さとう) — sugar
- 塩(しお) — salt, common salt, table salt; hardship, toil, trouble
- 醤油(しょうゆ) — soy sauce, soya sauce, shoyu
- 食堂(しょくどう) — dining room, dining hall, cafeteria; restaurant, eatery, snack bar
- たばこ(煙草) — tobacco, cigarette
- 食べ物(たべもの) — food
- 卵(たまご) — eggs, egg, spawn; (hen's) egg
- 茶碗(ちゃわん) — rice bowl, tea cup, teacup
- 鳥(とり) — bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat), fowl, poultry
- 鶏肉(とりにく) — chicken meat
- 肉(にく) — flesh; meat
- 飲み物(のみもの) — drink, beverage
- 灰皿(はいざら) — ashtray
- 箸(はし) — chopsticks
- 昼ご飯(ひるごはん) — lunch, midday meal
- 豚肉(ぶたにく) — pork
- 八百屋(やおや) — greengrocer, fruit and vegetable shop; jack of all trades
- 野菜(やさい) — vegetable
- 料理(りょうり) — cooking, cookery, cuisine; dealing with (skillfully), handling (well), managing
- 水(みず) — water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue), liquid
Nouns — clothing & accessories (11)
- 傘(かさ) — umbrella, parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat, shade (of a lamp), mushroom cap
- 靴(くつ) — shoe, shoes, boots
- 靴下(くつした) — socks, sock, stockings
- ズボン — trousers, pants
- 背広(せびろ) — business suit
- 帽子(ぼうし) — hat, cap; cap (move)
- 釦(ボタン) — button (clothing); push-button, button
- 洋服(ようふく) — Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)
- Yシャツ(ワイシャツ) — (formal) shirt, dress shirt, business shirt
- 上着(うわぎ) — coat, jacket, outerwear; top, upper-body garment
- 眼鏡(めがね) — eye glasses
Nouns — house & home (20)
- 入り口(いりぐち) — entrance, entry, gate
- うち — home; house; my place
- お手洗い(おてあらい) — toilet, restroom, lavatory
- お風呂(おふろ) — bath
- 階段(かいだん) — stairs, stairway, staircase
- 鍵(かぎ) — key; lock
- 玄関(げんかん) — entrance, front door, entryway
- 財布(さいふ) — wallet, purse, coin purse
- 台所(だいどころ) — kitchen; financial situation, finances
- 机(つくえ) — desk
- 戸(と) — door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter, window shutter
- 庭(にわ) — garden, yard, courtyard; field (of action), area
- 風呂(ふろ) — bath, bathing, bathtub; bathhouse, public bath
- 部屋(へや) — room, chamber; apartment, flat, pad
- 本棚(ほんだな) — bookshelves, bookshelf, bookcase
- 窓(まど) — window
- 門(もん) — gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master, school
- 冷蔵庫(れいぞうこ) — refrigerator, fridge
- 廊下(ろうか) — corridor, hallway, passageway
- 椅子(いす) — chair, seat, stool; post, position, seat
Nouns — school, study & language (28)
- 一番(いちばん) — number one, first, first place; best, most
- 意味(いみ) — meaning, significance, sense
- 歌(うた) — song, singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka)
- 英語(えいご) — English (language)
- 鉛筆(えんぴつ) — (wooden) pencil
- 片仮名(かたかな) — katakana
- 学校(がっこう) — school
- 紙(かみ) — paper
- 漢字(かんじ) — kanji, Chinese character
- 言葉(ことば) — language, dialect; word, phrase, expression
- 作文(さくぶん) — essay; composition
- 辞書(じしょ) — dictionary, lexicon
- 質問(しつもん) — question, inquiry, enquiry
- 字引(じびき) — dictionary
- 授業(じゅぎょう) — lesson, class, teaching
- 新聞(しんぶん) — newspaper
- 大学(だいがく) — university, college; former imperial university of Japan (established under the ritsuryō system for the training of government administrators)
- 図書館(としょかん) — library
- 番号(ばんごう) — number, series of digits
- 平仮名(ひらがな) — hiragana
- 文章(ぶんしょう) — writing, composition, essay; sentence
- 勉強(べんきょう) — study; diligence, working hard
- 本(ほん) — book, volume, script; this, present, current
- 万年筆(まんねんひつ) — fountain pen
- 問題(もんだい) — question (e.g. on a test), problem; problem (e.g. societal, political), question, issue
- 練習(れんしゅう) — practice, training, drill
- 宿題(しゅくだい) — homework, assignment; pending issue, unresolved problem, open question
- 教室(きょうしつ) — classroom, lecture room; department (in a university)
Nouns — town, places & buildings (21)
- 映画館(えいがかん) — movie theatre, movie theater, cinema
- 駅(えき) — railway station, train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan)
- 外国(がいこく) — foreign country
- 会社(かいしゃ) — company, corporation, firm; one's workplace
- 買い物(かいもの) — shopping, purchased goods
- 角(かど) — corner, edge; (street) corner, turning
- 銀行(ぎんこう) — bank, banking institution
- 国(くに) — country, state; region
- 公園(こうえん) — (public) park
- 交差点(こうさてん) — crossing, intersection
- 大使館(たいしかん) — embassy
- 建物(たてもの) — building
- 地図(ちず) — map, atlas, chart
- 出口(でぐち) — exit, way out; outlet, vent
- 電気(でんき) — electricity; (electric) light
- 町(まち) — town, block, neighbourhood; downtown, main street
- 店(みせ) — store, shop, establishment
- 道(みち) — road, path, street; route, way
- 村(むら) — village
- 郵便局(ゆうびんきょく) — post office
- 病院(びょういん) — hospital, clinic, doctor's office
Nouns — transport & travel (10)
- 切符(きっぷ) — ticket
- 車(くるま) — car, automobile, vehicle; wheel, castor, caster
- 自転車(じてんしゃ) — bicycle, bike
- 自動車(じどうしゃ) — car, automobile, motorcar
- 地下鉄(ちかてつ) — subway, metro, underground (railway)
- 電車(でんしゃ) — train, electric train
- 荷物(にもつ) — luggage, baggage, package; burden
- 箱(はこ) — box, case, chest; car (of a train, etc.)
- 飛行機(ひこうき) — airplane, aeroplane, plane
- 旅行(りょこう) — travel, trip, journey
Nouns — nature, weather & animals (20)
- 雨(あめ) — rain
- 池(いけ) — pond
- 犬(いぬ) — dog, canine
- 風(かぜ) — wind, breeze, draught; manner, behaviour, behavior
- 花瓶(かびん) — (flower) vase
- 川(かわ) — river, stream
- 木(き) — tree, shrub, bush; wood, timber
- 魚(さかな) — fish
- 外(そと) — outside, exterior; the open (air)
- 空(そら) — sky, the air, the heavens; weather
- 天気(てんき) — weather; fair weather, fine weather
- 動物(どうぶつ) — animal
- 猫(ねこ) — cat, feline
- 始め(はじめ) — beginning, start, outset; first (in line, etc.)
- 花(はな) — flower, blossom, bloom; cherry blossom
- 晴れ(はれ) — clear weather, fine weather; formal, ceremonial, public
- 雪(ゆき) — snow, snowfall
- 海(うみ) — sea, ocean, waters
- 曇り(くもり) — cloudiness, cloudy weather; fog (on a mirror, glasses, etc.), cloud (e.g. in marble), blur
- 山(やま) — mountain, hill; mine
Nouns — everyday objects & media (15)
- 絵(え) — picture, drawing, painting; image (TV, film, etc.), picture, footage
- 映画(えいが) — movie, film, motion picture
- お金(おかね) — money
- 音楽(おんがく) — music
- 鞄(かばん) — bag, satchel, briefcase
- 切手(きって) — stamp (postage); merchandise certificate
- 雑誌(ざっし) — magazine, journal, periodical
- 写真(しゃしん) — photograph, photo, picture; moving picture, movie
- 石鹸(せっけん) — soap
- 手紙(てがみ) — letter, note
- 電話(でんわ) — telephone call, phone call; telephone (device), phone
- 時計(とけい) — clock, watch, timepiece
- 葉書(はがき) — postcard; memo, note, card
- 封筒(ふうとう) — envelope
- 物(もの) — thing, object, article; one's things, possessions, property
Nouns — position & direction (21)
- 側(そば) — (place) near by, (place) close by, (place) right next to
- 近く(ちかく) — near, neighbourhood, neighborhood
- 隣(となり) — next (to), adjoining, adjacent
- 後(あと) — behind, rear; after, later
- 上(うえ) — above, over, up; top, summit, upper part
- 後ろ(うしろ) — back, behind, rear
- 北(きた) — north; the North, northern territories
- 下(した) — below, down, under; bottom
- 縦(たて) — the vertical, height; front-to-back, length
- 中(なか) — inside, interior; among, within
- 西(にし) — west
- 東(ひがし) — east
- 辺(へん) — area, vicinity, region; side, edge
- 南(みなみ) — south
- 横(よこ) — horizontal (as opposed to vertical); side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back), width, breadth
- 向こう(むこう) — opposite side, other side; over there, ahead, beyond
- 左(ひだり) — left, left-hand side; left hand
- 右(みぎ) — right, right-hand side; right hand
- 先(さき) — point, tip, end; head (of a line), front
- 前(まえ) — in front (of), before (e.g. a building); before, earlier, previously
- 所(ところ) — place, spot, scene; address
Nouns — colours (8)
- 青(あお) — blue, azure; green
- 赤(あか) — red, crimson, scarlet; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange)
- 色(いろ) — colour, color, hue; complexion, skin colour, skin color
- 黄色(きいろ) — yellow, amber
- 茶色(ちゃいろ) — brown, light brown, tawny
- 緑(みどり) — green; greenery, verdure
- 白(しろ) — white; innocence, innocent person
- 黒(くろ) — black; black stone
Nouns — activities (する-nouns & related) (6)
- 結婚(けっこん) — marriage
- 散歩(さんぽ) — walk, stroll
- 仕事(しごと) — work, job, labor; work
- 洗濯(せんたく) — washing, laundry; relaxation, rejuvenation, melting away (of worries, fatigue, etc.)
- 掃除(そうじ) — cleaning, sweeping, dusting
- 話(はなし) — talk, speech, chat; topic, subject
Nouns — abstract & miscellaneous (12)
- 次(つぎ) — next, following, subsequent
- 余り(あまり) — remainder, remnant, rest; (not) very, (not) much
- 一緒(いっしょ) — (doing) together; one lump, one mixture, the same category
- 同じ(おなじ) — same, identical, equal; anyway, in any case, if one must ...
- 全部(ぜんぶ) — all, entire, whole
- 沢山(たくさん) — a lot, lots, plenty; enough, sufficient
- 名前(なまえ) — name; given name, first name
- 橋(はし) — bridge
- 20歳(はたち) — 20 years old; twenty
- 零(れい)/ゼロ — zero, nought
- 幾ら(いくら) — how much; something over, and something, -odd
- 本当(ほんとう) — truth, reality, actuality; proper, right, correct
Verbs (110)
- 会う(あう) — to meet, to encounter, to see; to have an accident, to have a bad experience
- 開く(あく) — to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.)
- 開ける(あける) — to open (a door, etc.), to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package), to unlock; to open (for business, etc.)
- 上げる(あげる) — to raise, to elevate; to move something (to a higher place), to put onto (e.g. a shelf)
- 遊ぶ(あそぶ) — to play (games, sports), to enjoy oneself, to have a good time; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.)
- 浴びる(あびる) — to dash over oneself (e.g. water), to take (e.g. shower), to bask in (e.g. the sun); to suffer (e.g. an attack), to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise), to have heaped upon
- 洗う(あらう) — to wash, to cleanse, to rinse; to inquire into, to investigate
- 有る(ある) — to be, to exist, to live; to have
- 歩く(あるく) — to walk
- 言う(いう) — to say, to utter, to declare; to name, to call
- 行く(いく) — to go, to move (towards), to head (towards); to move through, to travel across, to walk along (e.g. a road)
- 居る(いる) — to be (of animate objects), to exist; to stay
- 要る(いる) — to be needed, to be necessary, to be required
- 入れる(いれる) — to put in, to let in, to take in; to admit, to accept, to employ
- 歌う(うたう) — to sing; to sing of (love, beauty, etc.) in a poem, to express in the form of a poem, to recite (a poem)
- 生まれる(うまれる) — to be born
- 売る(うる) — to sell; to betray, to sell out (one's friend, country, etc.)
- 起きる(おきる) — to get up, to rise, to blaze up (fire); to wake up, to be awake, to stay awake
- 置く(おく) — to put, to place; to leave (behind)
- 教える(おしえる) — to teach, to instruct; to tell, to inform, to show
- 押す(おす) — to push, to thrust, to shove; to press (down), to push (e.g. a button), to exert pressure on
- 覚える(おぼえる) — to memorize, to memorise, to commit to memory; to learn, to pick up, to acquire
- 泳ぐ(およぐ) — to swim; to struggle through (a crowd)
- 降りる(おりる) — to descend (e.g. a mountain), to go down, to come down; to alight (e.g. from bus), to get off, to disembark
- 終わる(おわる) — to end, to come to an end, to finish; to finish, to complete, to conclude
- 買う(かう) — to buy, to purchase; to value (highly), to think highly of, to have a high opinion of
- 返す(かえす) — to return (something), to restore, to put back; to turn over, to turn upside down, to overturn
- 帰る(かえる) — to return, to come home, to go home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.)
- 掛かる(かかる) — to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang
- 書く(かく) — to write, to compose, to pen; to draw, to paint
- 掛ける(かける) — to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall), to let hang, to suspend (from); to put on (e.g. a blanket), to put on top of, to cover
- 貸す(かす) — to lend, to loan; to rent out, to hire out
- かぶる — to wear, to put on (e.g., a hat on the head)
- 借りる(かりる) — to borrow; to rent, to hire
- 消える(きえる) — to disappear, to vanish, to go out of sight; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.), to die, to turn off (e.g. of a TV screen)
- 聞く(きく) — to hear; to listen (e.g. to music)
- 着る(きる) — to wear (from the shoulders down), to put on; to take (the blame, responsibility), to bear
- 切る(きる) — to cut, to cut through, to perform (surgery); to sever (connections, ties)
- 曇る(くもる) — to get cloudy, to cloud over, to become overcast; to cloud up, to fog up, to mist up
- 来る(くる) — to come (spatially or temporally), to approach, to arrive; to come back, to do ... and come back
- 消す(けす) — to erase, to rub out, to rub off; to turn off (a light, TV, heater, etc.), to switch off
- 答える(こたえる) — to answer, to reply
- コピーする — to copy
- 困る(こまる) — to be troubled, to have difficulty, to be in a fix; to be bothered, to be inconvenienced, to be annoyed
- 咲く(さく) — to bloom, to flower, to blossom; to rise up (of breaking waves)
- 差す(さす) — to shine; to be visible
- 死ぬ(しぬ) — to die, to pass away; to lose spirit, to lose vigor, to look dead
- 閉まる(しまる) — to be shut, to close, to be closed; to be firm (of a body, face, etc.), to be well-knit
- 締める(しめる) — to tie, to fasten, to tighten; to wear (necktie, belt), to put on
- 閉める(しめる) — to close, to shut
- 知る(しる) — to know, to be aware (of), to be conscious (of); to sense, to feel, to notice
- 吸う(すう) — to breathe in, to inhale, to smoke (a cigarette, etc.); to suck, to sip, to slurp
- 住む(すむ) — to live (of humans), to reside, to inhabit
- する — to do, to carry out, to perform; to cause to become, to make (into), to turn (into) (almost always written in kana)
- 座る(すわる) — to sit (down), to have a seat, to be seated; to assume (a position), to take on (a duty), to occupy (a post)
- 出す(だす) — to take out, to get out; to put out, to reveal, to show
- 立つ(たつ) — to stand (up), to rise, to get to one's feet; to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.), to be situated (in, on)
- 頼む(たのむ) — to request, to beg, to ask; to call, to order, to reserve
- 食べる(たべる) — to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary), to live off, to subsist on
- 違う(ちがう) — to differ (from), to be different, to be distinct; to be wrong, to be incorrect, to be mistaken
- 使う(つかう) — to use (a tool, method, etc.), to make use of, to put to use; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.), to employ, to handle
- 疲れる(つかれる) — to get tired, to tire, to get fatigued; to become worn out (of a well-used object)
- 着く(つく) — to arrive at, to reach; to sit on, to sit at (e.g. the table)
- 作る(つくる) — to make, to produce, to manufacture; to prepare (food), to brew (alcohol)
- 付ける(つける) — to attach, to join, to connect; to furnish (a house with)
- 勤める(つとめる) — to work (for), to be employed (at), to serve (in); to serve (as), to act (as), to fill (the position of)
- 出かける(でかける) — to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing), to leave, to depart; to be about to leave, to be just going out
- 出来る(できる) — to be able to do, to be possible, to be permitted (to do); to be good at, to do well, to be proficient (in)
- 出る(でる) — to leave, to exit, to go out; to leave (on a journey), to depart, to start out
- 飛ぶ(とぶ) — to fly, to soar; to jump, to leap, to spring
- 止まる(とまる) — to stop (moving), to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied), to come to a halt, to cease
- 取る(とる) — to take, to pick up, to grab; to pass, to hand, to give
- 撮る(とる) — to take (a photograph); to record (audio or video), to film, to shoot
- 鳴く(なく) — to make sound (of an animal), to call, to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
- 無くす(なくす) — to lose (something); to get rid of, to eliminate, to remove
- 習う(ならう) — to take lessons in, to be taught, to learn (from a teacher)
- 並ぶ(ならぶ) — to line up, to stand in a line; to rival, to match, to equal
- 並べる(ならべる) — to line up, to set up, to arrange in a line; to enumerate, to itemize
- 成る(なる) — to become, to get, to grow; to result in, to turn out, to end up
- 脱ぐ(ぬぐ) — to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.), to undress
- 寝る(ねる) — to sleep (lying down); to go to bed, to lie in bed
- 上る(のぼる) — to ascend, to go up, to climb; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun), to rise
- 飲む(のむ) — to drink, to swallow, to take (medicine); to smoke (tobacco)
- 乗る(のる) — to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.), to get in, to board; to get on (e.g. a footstool), to step on, to jump on
- 入る(はいる) — to enter, to come in, to go in; to join (a club, company, etc.), to enter (a university, the army, etc.), to enroll (in)
- はく — to put on (items below your waist)
- 始まる(はじまる) — to begin, to start, to commence; to happen (again), to begin (anew)
- 走る(はしる) — to run; to run (of a vehicle), to drive, to travel
- 働く(はたらく) — to work, to labor, to labour; to function, to operate, to be effective
- 話す(はなす) — to talk, to speak, to converse; to tell, to explain, to narrate
- 張る(はる) — to stick, to paste, to affix; to stretch, to spread, to strain
- 晴れる(はれる) — to be sunny
- 弾く(ひく) — to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
- 引く(ひく) — to pull, to tug, to lead (e.g. a horse); to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.), to attract (e.g. interest)
- 吹く(ふく) — to blow (of the wind); to blow (one's breath), to breathe out, to blow on (hot tea, candles, etc.)
- 降る(ふる) — to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.), to come down; to form (of frost)
- 曲がる(まがる) — to bend, to curve, to warp; to turn
- 待つ(まつ) — to wait; to await, to look forward to, to anticipate
- 磨く(みがく) — to polish, to shine, to burnish; to refine (a skill, etc.), to improve, to hone
- 見せる(みせる) — to show, to display; to make (something or someone) look ..., to present an appearance of ...
- 見る(みる) — to see, to look, to watch; to examine, to look over, to assess
- 持つ(もつ) — to hold (in one's hand), to take, to carry; to possess, to have, to own
- 休む(やすむ) — to be absent, to take a day off; to rest, to have a break
- やる — to do; to give (to pets, parents, siblings, etc.)
- 呼ぶ(よぶ) — to call out (to), to call, to invoke; to summon (a doctor, etc.)
- 読む(よむ) — to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra), to chant
- 分かる(わかる) — to understand, to comprehend, to grasp; to become clear, to be known, to be discovered
- 忘れる(わすれる) — to forget, to leave carelessly, to be forgetful of
- 渡す(わたす) — to hand over, to pass, to give (手紙を渡す); to carry across, to ferry across
- 渡る(わたる) — to cross over, to go across; to extend, to cover, to range