N5 言い換え類義: Saying It Another Way

言い換え類義(いいかえるいぎ)— "paraphrase" — is 問題4 of the Vocabulary section: a sentence with an underlined word, and you choose the option sentence that means almost the same thing. Only 3 items, but they're fast points if you've trained the right pairs — and this chapter contains the complete classic N5 paraphrase catalog, organized by the five pattern families the exam recycles again and again.

Why does the JLPT test this? Because real communication constantly requires it: if you don't know つまらない, you can still say おもしろくない. Paraphrasing is the survival skill of speaking with a small vocabulary — mastering it makes you both a better test-taker and a better speaker.

1. Family 1 — Time Words ↔ Their Definitions

Relative time words get rewritten as calendar arithmetic:

Word≒ ParaphraseMeaning
おととい二日前(ふつかまえ)day before yesterday
あさってあしたの次の日/二日後day after tomorrow
ゆうべきのうの夜last night
けさきょうの朝this morning
きょねん前の年/一年前last year
おととし二年前year before last
まいあさ毎日の朝every morning

Exam shape: 「ゆうべ映画を見ました。」→ correct option: 「きのうの夜、映画を見ました。」

2. Family 2 — Group Words ↔ Member Lists

Word≒ ParaphraseMeaning
両親(りょうしん)父と母parents
兄弟(きょうだい)兄や弟、姉や妹siblings
おじ/おば父や母の兄弟/姉妹uncle / aunt
果物(くだもの)りんごやバナナなどfruit
飲み物(のみもの)お茶やジュースなどdrinks
家族(かぞく)父と母と子どもたちfamily

3. Family 3 — Places ↔ "The Place Where You ~"

Shops and facilities get defined by their function, using 〜ところ or 〜store phrasing:

Word≒ Paraphrase
八百屋(やおや)野菜を売っている店
本屋(ほんや)本を売っている店
喫茶店(きっさてん)コーヒーやお茶を飲むところ
食堂(しょくどう)ごはんを食べるところ
台所(だいどころ)料理を作るところ
お手洗い(おてあらい)トイレ
図書館(としょかん)本を読んだり借りたりするところ
病院(びょういん)病気の人が行くところ
プール泳ぐところ

Notice the machinery: 〜ている店 "a shop that sells ~" and 〜ところ "a place where you ~" — these relative-clause shapes are also exactly how dictionaries for learners define words. Reading definitions is paraphrase training!

4. Family 4 — する-Verbs ↔ Plain Actions

Word≒ Paraphrase
散歩します(さんぽ)(公園などを)歩きます
洗濯します(せんたく)シャツなどを洗います
掃除します(そうじ)部屋をきれいにします
料理します(りょうり)ごはんを作ります
買い物します(かいもの)店で物を買います
勉強します(べんきょう)習います/本で覚えます
仕事をしています働いています
コピーします同じものを作ります
旅行します(りょこう)いろいろな所へ行きます
出かけます(でかけます)外へ行きます/家にいません
習います(ならいます)先生に教えてもらいます

The last one is the exam's favorite direction-flip: ピアノを習っています ≒ 先生がピアノを教えています (viewpoint swaps from learner to teacher — watch who does what!).

5. Family 5 — Adjective ↔ Negated Opposite (The #1 Pattern)

The single most common N5 paraphrase trick: an adjective equals the negative of its antonym. Your Pre-N5 antonym pairs now pay off double:

Word≒ ParaphraseWord≒ Paraphrase
つまらないおもしろくないまずいおいしくない
やさしい(易しい)むずかしくない/かんたんだしずかだうるさくない/にぎやかじゃない
うるさいしずかじゃないへただじょうずじゃない
ひまだいそがしくないくらいあかるくない
ふるいあたらしくないちかいとおくない
やすいたかくないすくないおおくない
ゆうめいだみんな知っているげんきだ病気じゃない

Conjugation alert: to negate, い-adjectives → 〜くない, な-adjectives → 〜じゃない. A distractor like しずかくない ✗ is testing your adjective grammar inside a vocabulary question — the sections overlap on purpose.

6. Bonus Set — Assorted Classics

  • じどうしゃ ≒ くるま
  • エレベーターで上がります ≒ エレベーターに乗って上がります
  • けっこんしています ≒ 妻/夫がいます
  • おなかがすきました ≒ 何か食べたいです
  • のどがかわきました ≒ 何か飲みたいです
  • もう一度言ってください ≒ また言ってください
  • だいじょうぶです ≒ 問題ありません/いりません(context!)
  • あまり〜ません ≒ 少ししか〜ません

7. How the Exam Tests This — and How to Win

Worked example

この へやは くらいですね。
① この へやは あかるくないですね。
② この へやは あたらしくないですね。
③ この へやは ひろくないですね。
④ この へやは きれいじゃないですね。

くらい (dark) = "not bright" → ① あかるくない. The wrong options negate other adjectives — plausible if you only half-know the word. Answer with the antonym pair, not vibes.

Strategy checklist

  • Identify the family first: time word? group word? place? する-verb? adjective? Each family has one move.
  • For adjectives, generate the antonym yourself, negate it, then find that option. Working forward beats comparing four options blind.
  • Watch viewpoint flips in 習う⇄教える, 貸す⇄借りる, あげる⇄もらう — the paraphrase may swap the subject.
  • Only ~3 items: bank these points in under 2 minutes total.

Summary & Key Takeaways

  • 問題4(言い換え類義, 3 items)asks for the closest-meaning sentence; N5 recycles five families.
  • Family cheat-sheet: time→arithmetic (ゆうべ=きのうの夜), group→members (両親=父と母), place→function (八百屋=野菜を売っている店), する-verb→plain action (散歩する=歩く), adjective→negated antonym (つまらない=おもしろくない — the most common).
  • Negation grammar rides along: 〜くない for い-adjectives, 〜じゃない for な-adjectives.
  • Viewpoint-flip pairs (習う/教える, 貸す/借りる) test direction, not just meaning.
  • Every paraphrase you learn doubles as a speaking skill: it's how you talk around missing words in real life.

Appendix: Complete N5 Wordlist — Adjectives, Adverbs & More

Complete reference wordlist for this level (part 2: adjectives, adverbs and other word classes). Same routine: one group per day, review beats cramming.

い-adjectives (59)

  • 青い(あおい) — blue, azure; green
  • 赤い(あかい) — red, crimson, scarlet
  • 明るい(あかるい) — light, bright, well-lit; bright (colour)
  • 暖かい(あたたかい) — warm, mild, (pleasantly) hot; considerate, kind, genial
  • 新しい(あたらしい) — new, novel, fresh
  • 熱い(あつい) — hot (to the touch); passionate (feelings, etc.), ardent, hot (e.g. gaze)
  • 暑い(あつい) — hot, warm, sultry; passionate, impassioned, burning (desire, etc.)
  • 厚い(あつい) — thick, deep, heavy; kind, cordial, hospitable
  • 危ない(あぶない) — dangerous, risky, hazardous; in danger, in jeopardy, critical
  • 甘い(あまい) — sweet-tasting, sweet, sugary; fragrant (smelling), sweet (music)
  • 忙しい(いそがしい) — busy, occupied, hectic; restless, hurried, fidgety
  • 痛い(いたい) — painful, sore; cringy, embarrassing
  • 薄い(うすい) — thin (of an object); pale, light, faint
  • 煩い(うるさい) — noisy, loud; annoying, troublesome, tiresome
  • 美味しい(おいしい) — good(-tasting), nice, delicious; attractive (offer, opportunity, etc.), appealing, convenient
  • 多い(おおい) — many, numerous, a lot; large amount of, large quantity of, a lot
  • 大きい(おおきい) — big, large, great; loud
  • 遅い(おそい) — slow; late
  • 重い(おもい) — heavy, weighty; heavy (feeling), depressed, gloomy
  • 面白い(おもしろい) — interesting, fascinating, intriguing; amusing, funny, comical
  • 辛い(からい) — spicy, hot; salty
  • 軽い(かるい) — light (i.e. not heavy), feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot), effortless, nimble
  • 可愛い(かわいい) — cute, adorable, charming; dear, precious, darling
  • 黄色い(きいろい) — yellow; high-pitched (voice), shrill
  • 汚い(きたない) — dirty, filthy, foul; disordered, messy, untidy
  • 暗い(くらい) — dark, gloomy, murky; depressed, dispirited, down in the dumps
  • 黒い(くろい) — black; dark, blackish, sun-tanned (skin)
  • 寒い(さむい) — cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke), lame, dull
  • 白い(しろい) — white; blank (e.g. paper), uncolored, unmarked
  • 少ない(すくない) — few, little, small (amount)
  • 涼しい(すずしい) — cool, refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes), bright
  • 狭い(せまい) — narrow, confined, small; limited, narrow-minded, confining
  • 高い(たかい) — high, tall; expensive, high-priced
  • 楽しい(たのしい) — enjoyable, fun, pleasant
  • 小さい(ちいさい) — small, little, tiny; slight, below average (in degree, amount, etc.), minor
  • 近い(ちかい) — near, close, short (distance); close (in time), soon
  • 詰らない(つまらない) — dull, uninteresting, boring; insignificant, unimportant, trifling
  • 冷たい(つめたい) — cold (to the touch), chilly, icy; (emotionally) cold, coldhearted, unfeeling
  • 強い(つよい) — strong, potent, competent; strong, brawny, powerful
  • 遠い(とおい) — far, distant, far away; distant (past), remote (in time), remote
  • 長い(ながい) — long (distance, length); long (time), protracted, prolonged
  • 温い(ぬるい) — lukewarm, tepid; lenient
  • 早い(はやい) — fast, quick, rapid; early, soon, earlier than usual
  • 低い(ひくい) — low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position), close to the ground
  • 広い(ひろい) — spacious, vast, wide
  • 太い(ふとい) — fat, thick; deep (of a voice), thick, sonorous
  • 古い(ふるい) — old, aged, ancient; long, since long ago, time-honored
  • 欲しい(ほしい) — wanting (to have), desiring, wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
  • 細い(ほそい) — thin, slender, fine; unlucky
  • 不味い(まずい) — bad(-tasting), unpalatable, unsavoury; poor, unskillful, unskilful
  • 丸い(まるい) — round, circular, spherical; curved, smooth
  • 短い(みじかい) — short; brief
  • 難しい(むずかしい) — difficult, hard, troublesome; impossible, unfeasible
  • 易しい(やさしい) — easy, plain, simple
  • 安い(やすい) — cheap, inexpensive; calm, peaceful, quiet
  • いい/良い(よい) — good, excellent, fine; sufficient, enough, ready
  • 弱い(よわい) — weak, frail, delicate
  • 若い(わかい) — young, youthful; immature, green
  • 悪い(わるい) — bad, poor, undesirable; poor (quality), inferior, insufficient

な-adjectives (18)

  • 嫌(いや) — disliking, not wanting, unwilling (to do); unpleasant, disagreeable, nasty
  • 色々(いろいろ) — various, a variety of, all sorts of; variously, in various ways, in many ways
  • 嫌い(きらい) — disliked, hated, disagreeable; tendency, smack (of), touch (of)
  • 綺麗(きれい) — pretty, lovely, beautiful; clean, clear, pure
  • 結構(けっこう) — splendid, nice, wonderful; sufficient, satisfactory, enough
  • 元気(げんき) — lively, full of spirit, energetic; healthy, well, fit
  • 静か(しずか) — quiet, silent; slow, unhurried
  • 上手(じょうず) — skillful, skilled, proficient; flattery
  • 丈夫(じょうぶ) — healthy, robust, strong
  • 好き(すき) — liking, being fond of, to one's liking; liking (romantically), being in love with, beloved
  • 大丈夫(だいじょうぶ) — safe, secure, sound; certainly, surely, undoubtedly
  • 大好き(だいすき) — liking very much, loving (something or someone), adoring
  • 大切(たいせつ) — important, significant, serious; precious, valuable, dear
  • 賑やか(にぎやか) — bustling, busy, crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.), loud, noisy
  • 下手(へた) — unskillful, poor, awkward; imprudent, untactful
  • 便利(べんり) — convenient, handy, useful
  • 有名(ゆうめい) — famous, well-known
  • 立派(りっぱ) — splendid, fine, handsome; praiseworthy, creditable, worthy

Adverbs (26)

  • 何時も(いつも) — always, all the time, at all times; never
  • 直ぐに(すぐに) — immediately, right away, at once
  • 少し(すこし) — a little, a bit, a small amount; a little while, a short time, a moment
  • 大変(たいへん) — very, greatly, terribly; immense, enormous, great
  • 多分(たぶん) — probably, likely, perhaps; a lot of, much, many
  • 段々(だんだん) — gradually, by degrees, little by little; steps, stairs, staircase
  • ちょっと(一寸) — a little, a bit, slightly; just a minute, for a moment, briefly
  • 丁度(ちょうど) — exactly, precisely, just; just (like), as if, as though
  • 如何(どう) — how, in what way, how about
  • 如何して(どうして) — how, in what way, by what means; why, for what reason, for what purpose
  • どうぞ — please, kindly, pray; by all means, certainly, of course
  • 時々(ときどき) — sometimes, occasionally, at times; seasonal, of the season, appropriate (for the season or occasion)
  • とても — very, awfully, exceedingly; (with negative) (not) at all, by no means
  • 何故(なぜ) — why, how, for what reason
  • 初めて(はじめて) — for the first time; only after ... is it ..., only when ... do you ..., not until ... do you ...
  • 半分(はんぶん) — half
  • 毎月(まいつき) — every month, each month, monthly
  • 毎年(まいとし) — every year, yearly, annually
  • 又(また) — again, once more, once again; also, too, as well
  • 未だ(まだ) — still, as yet, only; (not) yet
  • 真っ直ぐ(まっすぐ) — straight (ahead), direct, upright; straightforward, honest, frank
  • もう — already, yet, by now; soon, shortly, before long
  • もう一度(もういちど) — once more, again
  • もっと — (some) more, even more, longer
  • ゆっくり(と) — slowly, unhurriedly, without haste; easily (e.g. in time), well, sufficiently
  • 良く(よく) — nicely, properly, well; frequently, often

Pronouns, demonstratives & question words (31)

  • あそこ — there, over there, that place
  • 彼方(あちら) — that way, that direction, over there; that (one)
  • あっち — over there
  • 貴方(あなた) — you; dear, honey
  • あれ — that, that thing (far from both speaker and listener)
  • いくつ — how many, how old
  • 何時(いつ) — when, at what time, how soon; normal times, ordinary days
  • 大きな(おおきな) — big, large, great
  • 此処(ここ) — here, this place; this point, here, now
  • 此方(こちら) — this way, this direction; here
  • 此の(この) — this; last (couple of years, etc.), these, past
  • 此れ(これ) — this, this one; this person
  • こんな — this sort of, this kind of, like this
  • 自分(じぶん) — myself, yourself, oneself; I, me
  • 其処(そこ) — there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned), that place
  • 其方(そちら) — that way, that direction; there
  • そっち — over there
  • 其の(その) — that, the; part (as in "part two")
  • 其れ(それ) — that, it; then, that point (in time), that time
  • 誰(だれ) — who
  • 誰か(だれか) — someone, somebody
  • 小さな(ちいさな) — small, little, tiny
  • 何処(どこ) — where, what place; how much (long, far), what extent
  • どっち — which one, which way
  • 何方(どなた) — who
  • 何の(どの) — which, what (way)
  • 何れ(どれ) — which (of three or more); well, now, c'mon
  • どんな — what, what kind of
  • 何(なに) — what; you-know-what, that thing
  • 何~(なん~) — what sort of ~
  • 私(わたし) — I, me

Numbers (22)

  • 一(いち) — one, 1
  • 九(きゅう/く) — nine
  • 五つ(いつつ) — five; five years of age
  • 五(ご) — five, 5
  • 九つ(ここのつ) — nine; nine years of age
  • 三(さん) — three, 3
  • 四(し) — four, 4
  • 七(しち) — seven
  • 十(じゅう) — ten, 10; ten years of age
  • 千(せん) — thousand, 1,000
  • 七つ(ななつ) — seven; seven years of age
  • 二(に) — two, 2
  • 八(はち) — eight, 8
  • 一つ(ひとつ) — one; for one thing
  • 百(ひゃく) — hundred, 100
  • 二つ(ふたつ) — two
  • 万(まん) — 10,000, ten thousand; myriad
  • 三つ(みっつ) — three; three years of age
  • 六つ(むっつ) — six; six years of age
  • 八つ(やっつ) — eight; eight years of age
  • 四つ(よっつ) — four, 4; four years of age
  • 六(ろく) — six, 6

Counters, suffixes, prefixes & units (42)

  • ~円(~えん) — Yen
  • ~回(~かい) — counter for occurrences (~ times)
  • ~階(~かい) — counter for stories (floors) of a building
  • ~か月(~かげつ) — (number of) months
  • ~月(~がつ) — month of year
  • ~がる — feel
  • ~側(~がわ) — ~ side
  • ~くらい/ぐらい — approximate (quantity)
  • ~個(~こ) — counter for small items (e.g., fruits, cups)
  • ~語(~ご) — word, language
  • ~ころ/~ごろ — about, toward, approximately (time)
  • ~歳(~さい) — ~ years old
  • ~冊(~さつ) — counter for books
  • ~さん — Mr. ~, Ms. ~
  • ~時(~じ) — ~ o'clock (time)
  • ~時間(~じかん) — ~ hours
  • ~中(~じゅう) — during, while
  • ~週間(~しゅうかん) — ~ weeks
  • ~人(~にん) — counter for people (三人(さんにん)); ~人(~じん) is the separate nationality suffix (日本人)
  • ~すぎ — past; to exceed, ~ too much
  • ~ずつ — at a time
  • ~台(~だい) — counter for vehicles; machines
  • ~だけ — only ~, just ~, as ~
  • ~たち — plural suffix
  • ~度(~ど) — counter for occurrences; ~ degree; ~ point
  • ~日(~にち) — ~ day of the month, for ~ days
  • ~年(~ねん) — ~ years
  • ~杯(~はい) — counter for cupfuls
  • ~番(~ばん) — ~st; ~th best
  • ~匹(~ひき) — counter for small animals
  • ~分(~ふん) — ~ minutes
  • ~本(~ほん) — counter for long cylindrical things
  • ~枚(~まい) — counter for flat things
  • ~前(~まえ) — in front of ~
  • ~屋(~や) — ~ shop
  • お~ — honorable ~ (honorific)
  • キロ — kilo- (abbreviation for both キログラム kilogram and キロメートル kilometre)
  • グラム — gram, gramme
  • 半(はん) — half, semi-, partial; half-past
  • 服(ふく) — clothes (esp. Western clothes), clothing, dress; counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, puffs of a cigarette, etc.
  • 頁(ページ) — page; nth page, page ...
  • メートル — metre (unit of length)

Conjunctions & sentence connectors (8)

  • 然し(しかし) — however, but
  • じゃあ/じゃ — then, well, so
  • そして/そうして — and, and then
  • それでは — well then, in that case, so
  • では — then, well, so; bye then
  • でも — but, however, though; even
  • 等(など) — et cetera, etc., and the like; or something
  • より — than; rather than, instead of, over

Greetings, interjections & expressions (13)

  • ああ — Ah!, Oh!
  • あの — say, well, um
  • いいえ — no; you're welcome, not at all, don't mention it
  • いかが — how, in what way
  • ええ — yes, that is correct, right; um, errr, well
  • 下さい(ください) — please (give me); please (do for me)
  • さあ — come (on), come now, come along; all right, right, okay
  • そう/そうです — yes; appears, to be the case
  • それから — and then, after that
  • どうも — thank you, thanks; much (thanks), very (sorry), quite (regret)
  • ない — there isn't, doesn't have
  • はい — yes, that is correct; understood, I see, OK
  • もしもし — Hello? (used on the phone)

Katakana loanwords (51)

  • アパート — apartment building, apartment block, apartment house; apartment
  • エレベーター — elevator, lift
  • カップ — cup (drinking vessel, measure, brassiere, prize, etc.)
  • カメラ — camera
  • カレー — curry (esp. Japanese curry); rice and curry
  • カレンダー — calendar; calender (machine for flattening things)
  • ギター — guitar
  • クラス — class
  • コート — coat; coating
  • コピー — copy, photocopy; book jacket blurb
  • シャツ — shirt (undergarment), undershirt, singlet; shirt (outerwear; usu. with collar and buttons)
  • シャワー — shower
  • スカート — skirt
  • ストーブ — (room) heater, stove
  • スプーン — spoon; spoon lure
  • スポーツ — sport, sports
  • スリッパ — slipper, slippers
  • セーター — sweater, jumper
  • タクシー — taxi
  • テープ — tape
  • テーブル — table
  • テープレコーダー — tape recorder
  • テスト — test (of ability, knowledge, etc.), exam, examination; test (of performance, quality, etc.), trial
  • デパート — department store; department
  • テレビ — television, TV; TV program, TV programme, TV broadcast
  • ドア — door
  • トイレ — toilet, restroom, bathroom; going to the toilet, relieving oneself
  • ナイフ — knife
  • ニュース — news
  • ネクタイ — tie, necktie
  • ノート — notebook, copy-book, exercise book; note, noting down
  • パーティー — party (social gathering); party (group of people participating in an activity, esp. mountain climbing)
  • バス — bus
  • バター — butter
  • パン — bread, (sweet) pastry; staff of life, one's bread
  • ハンカチ — handkerchief
  • フィルム — film
  • プール — (swimming) pool; pool (cue sport)
  • フォーク — fork; forkball
  • ベッド — bed
  • ペット — pet; trumpet
  • ペン — pen
  • ボールペン — ball-point pen
  • ポケット — pocket
  • ポスト — postbox, mailbox, mail box; post, position
  • ホテル — hotel
  • マッチ — match (for lighting a fire); match (contest)
  • ラジオ — radio
  • ラジカセ — radio-cassette player
  • レコード — (phonograph) record; record (esp. in sports)
  • レストラン — restaurant (esp. Western-style)