Chemistry (9476)
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GCE A-Level - Higher 2 (H2) の学習者向けの無料Chemistry (9476)学習ノート。各章のリンクから、要点・例題・練習問題への導線にアクセスできます。
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL BONDING
Atomic Structure, the Periodic Table and Transition Elements
The nucleus of the atom: neutrons and protons, isotopes, proton and nucleon numbers
Electrons: electronic energy levels, ionisation energies, atomic orbitals, extranuclear structure
The Periodic Table
General physical and characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements, scandium to copper
Colour of complexes
Chemical Bonding and Structure
Ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
Shapes of simple molecules and bond angles
Bond polarities and polarity of molecules
Intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonding
Bond energies and bond lengths
Lattice structure of solids
Bonding and physical properties
THE GASEOUS STATE
THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
The Gaseous State and Stoichiometry
Ideal gas behaviour and deviations from it
pV = nRT and its use in determining a value for Mr
Dalton’s Law and its use in determining the partial pressures of gases in a mixture
Relative masses of atoms and molecules
The mole, the Avogadro constant
The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae
Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Chemical Energetics and Reaction Kinetics
Enthalpy changes: ΔH, of formation; combustion; hydration; solution; neutralisation; atomisation; bond energy; lattice energy; electron affinity
Hess’ Law, including Born-Haber cycles
Entropy and Free Energy
Simple rate equations; orders of reaction; rate constants
Concept of activation energy
Effect of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rate
Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Enzymes as biological catalysts
THE MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY
Chemical Equilibria and Aqueous Solutions
Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions; dynamic equilibrium
Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories of acids and bases
Acid dissociation constants, Ka and the use of pKa
Base dissociation constants, Kb and the use of pKb
The ionic product of water, Kw
pH: choice of pH indicators
Buffer solutions
Solubility product; the common ion effect and complex ion formation
Organic Chemistry: Foundations
Functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
Empirical, molecular and structural formulae
Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds
Isomerism: constitutional (structural); cis-trans; enantiomerism
Common terms for organic reactions and reactivities
Reactivity of some classes of compounds and their characteristic organic reaction mechanisms
CHEMICAL ENERGETICS: THERMOCHEMISTRY AND THERMODYNAMICS (GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND ENTROPY)
Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives
Alkanes (exemplified by ethane)
Alkenes (exemplified by ethene)
Arenes (exemplified by benzene and methylbenzene)
Hydrocarbons as fuels
Halogenoalkanes
Relative strength of the carbon-halogen bond
Unreactivity of halogenoarenes
REACTION KINETICS
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
Alcohols, Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids
Alcohols (exemplified by ethanol)
Phenol
Aldehydes (exemplified by ethanal)
Ketones (exemplified by propanone and phenylethanone)
Carboxylic acids (exemplified by ethanoic acid and benzoic acid)
Acyl chlorides (exemplified by ethanoyl chloride)
Esters (exemplified by ethyl ethanoate and phenyl benzoate)
ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA
Nitrogen Compounds, Polymers and Electrochemistry
Amines (exemplified by ethylamine and phenylamine)
Amides (exemplified by ethanamide)
Amino acids (exemplified by aminoethanoic acid)
Addition and condensation of polymers
Proteins
Biodegradability of poly(alkenes), polyesters and polyamides
Redox processes and electrode potentials
Electrolysis
SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION
ISOMERISM
ORGANIC REACTIONS AND MECHANISMS
HYDROCARBONS
HALOGEN DERIVATIVES
HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
POLYMERS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
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