Coordination and response：練習問題

Which of the following is the primary role of the spinal cord in the human nervous system?

During the extension of the human elbow joint (straightening the arm), which of the following accurately describes the roles of the biceps and triceps muscles?

Accommodation in the human eye allows focusing on objects at different distances. Which of the following statements correctly describes the changes that occur in the eye when shifting focus from a distant object to a near object?

I. The ciliary muscles contract.
II. The suspensory ligaments become taut.
III. The lens becomes more convex.
IV. The focal length of the lens decreases.

Compared to the nervous system, hormonal coordination generally exhibits which of the following characteristics?

A patient experiences a neurological condition that leads to the failure of involuntary actions such as the regulation of breathing rate and heartbeat. Which part of the brain is most likely malfunctioning?

Name one type of receptor found in human skin and state the specific stimulus it detects.

Explain how the structures in the middle ear, specifically the malleus, incus, and stapes, contribute to the process of hearing.

Explain how the human body coordinates both nervous and hormonal responses to maintain a stable core body temperature when exposed to a prolonged cold environment.

When a person accidentally touches a very hot object, they quickly withdraw their hand in a reflex action.

(a) Describe the complete pathway of nerve impulses involved in this reflex action, starting from the stimulus and ending with the response. Name all the relevant structures and types of neurones involved.

The human ear is a complex organ responsible for both hearing and balance.

(a) Describe the process by which sound vibrations from the air are transmitted through the outer and middle ear to the inner ear, detailing the role of each major structure involved in the pathway.

(b) Explain how the mechanical vibrations in the inner ear are converted into electrical nerve impulses that can be interpreted by the brain as sound.