An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry：练习题

A molecule of but-2-ene can exist as two different stereoisomers. What is the reason for this type of isomerism?

In the mechanism of free-radical substitution of ethane with chlorine, which step involves the reaction of two radicals to form a stable molecule?

Which species is classified as a nucleophile?

What is the empirical formula of a compound with the molecular formula \( C_6H_{12}O_6 \)?

What is the systematic IUPAC name for the straight-chain organic compound with the skeletal formula representing 5 carbon atoms and a nitrile functional group at the end of the chain?

Define the term hydrocarbon and state whether alkanes are classified as saturated or unsaturated molecules.

Explain why alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons and state the bond angle around each carbon atom in an ethane molecule.

Explain the term nucleophile and describe the movement of electrons, using curly arrows, in the first step of the reaction between a cyanide ion and an ethanal molecule.

Organic compounds can be represented in various ways including skeletal and structural formulae.
(a) Define the term hydrocarbon.
(b) A straight-chain alkane has the molecular formula \( C_5H_{12} \). Give the IUPAC name and draw the skeletal formula for this compound.
(c) Alkanes are described as saturated molecules. State the meaning of the term saturated in this context.

Organic reactions often involve the breaking of covalent bonds.
(a) Define the term homolytic fission and describe the species that are formed as a result.
(b) Heterolytic fission can occur in a molecule of chloromethane, \(CH_3Cl\). Use the concept of electronegativity to explain which atom will retain the electron pair during the fission of the \(C-Cl\) bond and identify the ions produced.
(c) Describe the movement of electrons in a heterolytic fission process using the standard curly arrow notation.