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2025 Cambridge IGCSE Accounting (0452) 模拟试题及答案详解

Thinka Jun 2025 (V2) Cambridge IGCSE-Style Mock — Accounting (0452)

100 分105 分钟2025
分析模拟试题
An original Thinka practice paper modelled on the structure and difficulty of the Jun 2025 (V2) Cambridge IGCSE Accounting (0452) paper. Not affiliated with or reproduced from Cambridge.

部分 Question 1

Prepare a three-column cash book, perform bank reconciliation updates, and evaluate changes to payment methods.
3 题目 · 28 分
题目 1 · structured
20 分
Elena runs a trading business. She sells on both cash and credit terms. During October 2024, the following transactions occurred:

**October 2024**
* **Oct 1** Balances brought forward: Cash $180, Bank $1,450.
* **Oct 3** Transferred $285 electronically to Robert in full settlement of his account of $300.
* **Oct 7** A cheque was received from Ken, a credit customer, for $418, after he had deducted a cash discount of $22.
* **Oct 12** Disbursed $45 in cash for office expenses.
* **Oct 18** Clara, a credit customer, settled her account of $510 via direct bank transfer.
* **Oct 22** Settled Diana's invoice of $350 by paying $315 via bank transfer, having deducted a 10% discount.
* **Oct 25** Transferred $200 from the bank account to the office cash till for daily operations.
* **Oct 29** Paid wages of $280 to employees in cash.
* **Oct 31** Paid rent of $150 using a business cheque.

**REQUIRED**

**(a)** Complete Elena's three-column cash book for October 2024. Balance the cash book and bring down the balances at 1 November 2024. [12]

Elena later received a bank statement dated 31 October 2024. The bank statement revealed the following:
1. The cheque for rent ($150) paid on 31 October had not yet been presented to the bank.
2. The amount received from Clara was recorded as $510 in the cash book, but the bank statement showed the correct amount received was actually $501.

**(b)** Calculate the updated bank balance that Elena should report in her Statement of Financial Position at 31 October 2024. [3]

Elena is considering stopping the use of physical cash and cheques in her business operations. Instead, all payments would be processed via direct bank transfer, and credit customers would be required to pay electronically. To encourage prompt settlement, she plans to offer a cash discount of 3% for all bank transfers received within 14 days of the invoice date.

**(c)** Advise Elena whether or not she should implement these proposed changes. Justify your answer by providing points for and against the proposal. [5]
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解题

**(a)**

**Elena**
**Cash Book for October 2024**

| Date | Details | Disc Allowed ($) | Cash ($) | Bank ($) | Date | Details | Disc Received ($) | Cash ($) | Bank ($) |
| :--- | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :--- | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| **2024** | | | | | **2024** | | | | |
| Oct 1 | Balance b/d | | 180 | 1,450 | Oct 3 | Robert | 15 | | 285 |
| Oct 7 | Ken | 22 | | 418 | Oct 12 | Office expenses | | 45 | |
| Oct 18 | Clara | | | 510 | Oct 22 | Diana | 35 | | 315 |
| Oct 25 | Bank (C) | | 200 | | Oct 25 | Cash (C) | | | 200 |
| | | | | | Oct 29 | Wages | | 280 | |
| | | | | | Oct 31 | Rent | | | 150 |
| | | | | | Oct 31 | Balance c/d | | 55 | 1,428 |
| | | **22** | **380** | **2,378** | | | **50** | **380** | **2,378** |
| **Nov 1** | **Balance b/d** | | **55** | **1,428** | | | | | |

*(C) represents Contra entry.*

***

**(b)**

| Item | Workings | Amount ($) |
| :--- | :--- | :---: |
| Draft bank balance from Cash Book | Part (a) balance | 1,428 |
| Less: Cash book error on Clara receipt | $501 (correct) - $510 (recorded) | (9) |
| **Revised cash book bank balance** | | **1,419** |

*Note: The unpresented cheque of $150 is a timing difference. It only appears in the Bank Reconciliation Statement and does not adjust the Cash Book balance.*

***

**(c)**

**Arguments FOR the proposed change:**
* **Security:** Eliminates risk of physical cash theft or lost/stolen cheques.
* **Efficiency:** Automated record-keeping and faster processing of bank feeds reduces accounting administration.
* **Convenience:** No time or transport costs spent traveling to the bank to pay in cheques/cash.
* **Cash Flow Incentives:** Offering a 3% prompt payment discount may improve cash flow by speeding up credit collection from customers.

**Arguments AGAINST the proposed change:**
* **Reduced Profitability:** Offering a 3% cash discount reduces sales margins and total profits.
* **Customer Exclusion:** Some clients/suppliers may not have access to online transfers or may resist the transition, leading to lost business.
* **Banking Fees:** Bank charges for processing individual electronic transfers might be higher.
* **Cyber Risks:** Susceptibility to online fraud, hacking, or system downtime.

**Recommendation:**
Elena should proceed with making bank transfers her preferred method but should run a pilot program with selected customers first. Offering a 3% discount might be costly; she should calculate if the cash flow benefits outweigh the reduction in profit margin before rolling it out universally.

评分标准

**(a) Three-column Cash Book [12 Marks]:**
* Oct 1 Balances b/d (Cash & Bank) on Debit side [1]
* Oct 3 Robert (Discount Received $15, Bank $285) on Credit side [1]
* Oct 7 Ken (Discount Allowed $22, Bank $418) on Debit side [1]
* Oct 12 Office Expenses (Cash $45) on Credit side [1]
* Oct 18 Clara (Bank $510) on Debit side [1]
* Oct 22 Diana (Discount Received $35, Bank $315) on Credit side [1]
* Oct 25 Contra entry on both sides (Debit Cash $200 / Credit Bank $200) [2]
* Oct 29 Wages (Cash $280) on Credit side [1]
* Oct 31 Rent (Bank $150) on Credit side [1]
* Discount columns totals calculated ($22 Dr and $50 Cr) [1]
* Balancing and carrying down balances on Nov 1 (Cash $55, Bank $1,428) [1] OF

**(b) Bank Balance Calculation [3 Marks]:**
* Draft cash book balance of $1,428 [1] OF
* Deduction of Clara receipt correction of $9 [1]
* Final updated bank balance of $1,419 [1] OF
*(Note: Deduced 1 mark if unpresented cheque of $150 was incorrectly adjusted)*

**(c) Evaluation and Recommendation [5 Marks]:**
* Arguments FOR the transition to bank-only transfers (max 2 points) [2]
* Arguments AGAINST the transition / 3% prompt discount (max 2 points) [2]
* Clear reasoned recommendation based on arguments [1]
题目 2 · structured
3 分
Amara’s cash book showed a debit bank balance of $945 on 30 June 2026. She then received her bank statement for the month and discovered the following:

1. A cheque for $350 issued to a supplier had not yet been presented to the bank.
2. A receipt of $415 from a credit customer, Bilal, by bank transfer, had been recorded in the cash book as $451.
3. Bank charges of $25 shown on the bank statement had not been entered in the cash book.

Calculate the bank balance Amara would show in her statement of financial position at 30 June 2026.
查看答案详解

解题

To find the bank balance to be shown in the statement of financial position, we must update the cash book balance for any errors or unrecorded items.

Note: The unpresented cheque of $350 is a timing difference and only appears on the bank reconciliation statement; it does not require an adjustment to the cash book.

$$
\begin{array}{lc}
\text{Cash book balance before corrections} & \$945 \\
\text{Less: Correction of customer receipt error } (\$451 - \$415) & (\$36) \\
\text{Less: Bank charges} & (\$25) \\
\hline
\text{Updated cash book balance (Statement of Financial Position balance)} & \mathbf{\$884} \\
\end{array}
$$

评分标准

• 1 mark for identifying the receipt error of $36 and showing it as a deduction.
• 1 mark for showing bank charges of $25 as a deduction.
• 1 mark for the final correct updated bank balance of $884.
题目 3 · Written Evaluative Recommendation
5 分
Nadia is considering stopping the acceptance of cash and cheques in her wholesale business. In future, all customer payments would have to be made directly by bank transfer or mobile payment. To encourage prompt payment, she would offer a 3% cash discount on all accounts settled within 14 days of the invoice date.

Advise Nadia whether or not she should proceed with these changes. Justify your answer by providing points for and against making these changes.
查看答案详解

解题

Points for the proposed changes (Advantages):
- Improves security and reduces the risk of theft, fraud, or loss associated with handling physical cash.
- Saves administrative time and cost, as there is no need to count cash or visit the bank to deposit cheques and cash.
- Offering a 3% cash discount encourages faster payment from customers, which improves the business's cash flow/liquidity and reduces trade receivables collection periods.
- Reduces the risk of bad debts (irrecoverable debts) and avoids the problem of dishonoured (bounced) cheques.
- Electronic transfers provide automatic record-keeping, making the bank reconciliation process easier and less prone to error.

Points against the proposed changes (Disadvantages):
- Offering a 3% cash discount reduces the revenue received from sales, which directly lowers the gross profit and overall profitability of the business.
- Some existing customers may not have facilities for digital transfers or may strongly prefer paying by cash/cheque, leading to a potential loss of customers and sales.
- There may be increased bank transaction fees/charges associated with receiving online or mobile payments.
- The business becomes highly dependent on internet and banking technology; technical outages can disrupt operations and delay payments.

Recommendation:
- Clear recommendation on whether Nadia should proceed, justified by the balance of points discussed above (e.g., Nadia should proceed with the digital transition as the security and cash flow benefits are likely to outweigh the cost of the discount, provided her key customers are comfortable with bank transfers).

评分标准

Points for the changes: Max 3 marks (1 mark for each valid point discussed)
Points against the changes: Max 3 marks (1 mark for each valid point discussed)
Maximum of 4 marks in total for the discussion of points (advantages/disadvantages).

Recommendation: 1 mark for a clear, reasoned recommendation that is consistent with the student's arguments.

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部分 Question 2

Prepare partnership accounts, including appropriation, current accounts, and evaluate incorporation.
6 题目 · 27 分
题目 1 · structured
6 分
Chloe and Daniel are in partnership. Their partnership agreement provides for the following:

* interest on capital of 3% per annum
* interest on drawings of 5% per annum
* a salary to Daniel of $8400 per annum
* residual profits and losses to be shared as Chloe 60%, Daniel 40%.

Chloe and Daniel provided the following details for the year ended 30 June 2025:

* Profit for the year ended 30 June 2025: $42 600
* Capital accounts at 1 July 2024:
* Chloe: $60 000
* Daniel: $40 000
* Drawings for the year ended 30 June 2025:
* Chloe: drawn from bank on 1 January 2025, $12 000
* Daniel: drawn from bank on 1 April 2025, $6 000

**Required**

Prepare the appropriation account for Chloe and Daniel for the year ended 30 June 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

### Chloe and Daniel
**Appropriation Account for the year ended 30 June 2025**

| | $ | $ |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Profit for the year** | | 42 600 |
| **Add** Interest on drawings: | | |
| Chloe \((\$12\,000 \times 5\% \times 6/12)\) | 300 | |
| Daniel \((\$6\,000 \times 5\% \times 3/12)\) | 75 | 375 |
| | | **42 975** |
| **Less** | | |
| Interest on capital: | | |
| Chloe \((\$60\,000 \times 3\%)\) | 1 800 | |
| Daniel \((\$40\,000 \times 3\%)\) | 1 200 | (3 000) |
| Salary – Daniel | | (8 400) |
| **Residual Profit** | | **31 575** |
| **Profit share:** | | |
| Chloe \((60\% \times \$31\,575)\) | 18 945 | |
| Daniel \((40\% \times \$31\,575)\) | 12 630 | 31 575 |

评分标准

Total [6 Marks]

* **Interest on drawings – Chloe**: $300 **[1]**
* **Interest on drawings – Daniel**: $75 **[1]**
* **Interest on capital**: Chloe $1800, Daniel $1200 (both) **[1]**
* **Salary – Daniel**: $8400 **[1]**
* **Profit share – Chloe**: $18 945 (OF) **[1]**
* **Profit share – Daniel**: $12 630 (OF) **[1]**
题目 2 · open-response
7 分
George and Henry are in partnership. The following information is available for George for the year ended 31 December 2024:

| | $
|---|---|
| Balance on George's current account at 1 January 2024 | 2 800 credit |
| George's drawings during the year | 10 000 |
| George's interest on capital for the year | 1 800 |
| George's interest on drawings for the year | 250 |
| George's partnership salary for the year | 12 000 |
| George's share of residual profit for the year | 10 800 |

**REQUIRED**

Prepare George’s current account for the year ended 31 December 2024. Balance the account and bring down the balance at 1 January 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

To prepare George's current account:
1. Start with the opening credit balance of $2 800 on the credit side (1 January 2024).
2. Credit the account with items that increase George's claim on the partnership: Interest on Capital ($1 800), Salary ($12 000), and Share of Profit ($10 800).
3. Debit the account with items that reduce George's claim: Drawings ($10 000) and Interest on Drawings ($250).
4. Balance the account by summing the credit side ($27 400) and subtracting the debit items, which leaves a closing balance (Balance c/d) of $17 150 on the debit side on 31 December 2024.
5. Bring down the balance as a credit balance (Balance b/d) of $17 150 on 1 January 2025.

评分标准

- **1 mark** for correct opening balance b/d of $2 800 on the credit side.
- **1 mark** for Drawings of $10 000 on the debit side.
- **1 mark** for Interest on drawings of $250 on the debit side.
- **1 mark** for Interest on capital of $1 800 on the credit side.
- **1 mark** for Salary of $12 000 on the credit side.
- **1 mark** for Share of profit of $10 800 on the credit side.
- **1 mark** for correct Balance c/d of $17 150 on the debit side and corresponding Balance b/d of $17 150 on the credit side on 1 January 2025.
题目 3 · short_answer
2 分
Liam and Chloe are in partnership. At the end of the financial year, Chloe's current account showed a debit balance. State two reasons why a partner's current account might show a debit balance.
查看答案详解

解题

A debit balance on a partner's current account indicates that the partner has withdrawn more resources from the business than their total credit entitlements (such as share of profit, partnership salary, and interest on capital) for the period. Two common reasons for this are: 1. Drawings during the year were greater than the total of profit share, salary, and interest on capital. 2. The partnership made a loss during the financial year, which reduced the current account balance.

评分标准

Award 1 mark for each valid reason up to a maximum of 2 marks.
- Drawings exceeded the total share of profit, partner salary, and interest on capital (1)
- The partnership made a loss during the year (1)
- Interest on drawings charged was greater than the credit entries (1)
- The opening balance of the current account was already a debit balance (1)
题目 4 · short_answer
2 分
Liam and Chloe are in partnership. At the end of the financial year, Chloe's current account showed a debit balance. State two reasons why a partner's current account might show a debit balance.
查看答案详解

解题

A debit balance on a partner's current account indicates that the partner has withdrawn more resources from the business than their total credit entitlements (such as share of profit, partnership salary, and interest on capital) for the period. Two common reasons for this are: 1. Drawings during the year were greater than the total of profit share, salary, and interest on capital. 2. The partnership made a loss during the financial year, which reduced the current account balance.

评分标准

Award 1 mark for each valid reason up to a maximum of 2 marks.
- Drawings exceeded the total share of profit, partner salary, and interest on capital (1)
- The partnership made a loss during the year (1)
- Interest on drawings charged was greater than the credit entries (1)
- The opening balance of the current account was already a debit balance (1)
题目 5 · structured
5 分
Liam and Noah are in partnership, sharing profits and losses in the ratio 3:2. They wish to expand their business and are considering converting the partnership into a limited company. They are proposing to sell 40% of the ordinary share capital of the new company to their cousin, Sophia, who will invest $50,000. Sophia will become a director and help manage the business. Liam and Sophia will each receive an annual salary of $12,000, while Noah will remain as a shareholder receiving dividends only. Advise Liam and Noah whether or not they should convert the partnership to a limited company under these terms. Justify your answer by providing advantages and disadvantages to them of making this change.
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解题

Advantages of converting: 1. Gives access to additional capital ($50,000) from Sophia for expansion. 2. Provides limited liability for Liam and Noah, protecting their personal assets. 3. Shares management workload and responsibility with Sophia, who has business experience. 4. Provides continuity of existence and separate legal identity. 5. Liam receives a fixed salary of $12,000. Disadvantages of converting: 1. Loss of control as Sophia owns 40% of the company. 2. Noah may be dissatisfied because he does not receive a salary, unlike Liam and Sophia, making his return dependent entirely on dividends. 3. Profits are shared with Sophia (dilution). 4. Higher legal, administrative, and compliance costs. Recommendation: Liam and Noah should proceed with the conversion if the benefits of the capital injection and shared workload outweigh the loss of control and the potential conflict regarding Noah's lack of salary.

评分标准

Advantages of converting (Max 3 marks): - Additional capital of $50,000 is introduced for expansion (1 mark) - Shareholders benefit from limited liability (1 mark) - Workload/responsibility is shared with an experienced cousin (1 mark) - Business has continuity of existence/separate legal identity (1 mark) - Liam receives a secure salary (1 mark). Disadvantages of converting (Max 3 marks): - Loss of absolute control as 40% of shares go to Sophia (1 mark) - Potential for conflict/dissatisfaction as Noah does not receive a salary (1 mark) - Profits/dividends are diluted by 40% (1 mark) - Increased legal, administrative, and accounting costs (1 mark) - Sophia may lack experience or cause management disagreement (1 mark). Conclusion/Recommendation (1 mark): - Clear recommendation based on balanced arguments (1 mark). Maximum total: 5 marks.
题目 6 · structured
5 分
Liam and Noah are in partnership, sharing profits and losses in the ratio 3:2. They wish to expand their business and are considering converting the partnership into a limited company. They are proposing to sell 40% of the ordinary share capital of the new company to their cousin, Sophia, who will invest $50,000. Sophia will become a director and help manage the business. Liam and Sophia will each receive an annual salary of $12,000, while Noah will remain as a shareholder receiving dividends only. Advise Liam and Noah whether or not they should convert the partnership to a limited company under these terms. Justify your answer by providing advantages and disadvantages to them of making this change.
查看答案详解

解题

Advantages of converting: 1. Gives access to additional capital ($50,000) from Sophia for expansion. 2. Provides limited liability for Liam and Noah, protecting their personal assets. 3. Shares management workload and responsibility with Sophia, who has business experience. 4. Provides continuity of existence and separate legal identity. 5. Liam receives a fixed salary of $12,000. Disadvantages of converting: 1. Loss of control as Sophia owns 40% of the company. 2. Noah may be dissatisfied because he does not receive a salary, unlike Liam and Sophia, making his return dependent entirely on dividends. 3. Profits are shared with Sophia (dilution). 4. Higher legal, administrative, and compliance costs. Recommendation: Liam and Noah should proceed with the conversion if the benefits of the capital injection and shared workload outweigh the loss of control and the potential conflict regarding Noah's lack of salary.

评分标准

Advantages of converting (Max 3 marks): - Additional capital of $50,000 is introduced for expansion (1 mark) - Shareholders benefit from limited liability (1 mark) - Workload/responsibility is shared with an experienced cousin (1 mark) - Business has continuity of existence/separate legal identity (1 mark) - Liam receives a secure salary (1 mark). Disadvantages of converting (Max 3 marks): - Loss of absolute control as 40% of shares go to Sophia (1 mark) - Potential for conflict/dissatisfaction as Noah does not receive a salary (1 mark) - Profits/dividends are diluted by 40% (1 mark) - Increased legal, administrative, and accounting costs (1 mark) - Sophia may lack experience or cause management disagreement (1 mark). Conclusion/Recommendation (1 mark): - Clear recommendation based on balanced arguments (1 mark). Maximum total: 5 marks.

部分 Question 3

Formulate ledger accounts for provisions and accruals/prepayments, and draft Statement of Financial Position elements.
7 题目 · 20 分
题目 1 · structured
4 分
Kieran owns a graphic design business. At 1 July 2024, Kieran’s ledger accounts included the following balances:

* Office equipment (cost): $24 000
* Provision for depreciation of office equipment: $9 600

On 1 October 2024, Kieran purchased new office equipment costing $6 000, paying by bank transfer.

Depreciation is to be provided at 15% per annum using the reducing balance method. A full year’s depreciation is charged on all equipment held at the end of the year.

**REQUIRED**

Prepare the provision for depreciation of office equipment account for the year ended 30 June 2025. Balance the account and bring down the balance at 1 July 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

### Workings:

1. **Total cost of office equipment at 30 June 2025**:
$$\text{Cost} = \$24\,000 + \$6\,000 = \$30\,000$$

2. **Net Book Value (Carrying Value) before current year depreciation**:
$$\text{Carrying value} = \text{Total Cost} - \text{Opening Provision} = \$30\,000 - \$9\,600 = \$20\,400$$

3. **Depreciation charge for the year ended 30 June 2025**:
$$\text{Depreciation} = 15\% \times \$20\,400 = \$3\,060$$

4. **Closing Provision balance**:
$$\text{Closing Provision} = \$9\,600 + \$3\,060 = \$12\,660$$

---

### Kieran
**Provision for depreciation of office equipment account**

| Date | Details | $ | Date | Details | $ |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **2025** | | | **2024** | | |
| June 30 | Balance c/d | 12 660 | July 1 | Balance b/d | 9 600 |
| | | | **2025** | | |
| | | ______ | June 30 | Income statement | 3 060 |
| | | **12 660** | | | **12 660** |
| | | | **2025** | | |
| | | | July 1 | Balance b/d | **12 660** |

评分标准

* **1 mark** for correct opening balance on the credit side ($9 600) with date 1 July 2024.
* **1 mark** for correct depreciation calculation of $3 060 credited to the account as 'Income statement' on 30 June 2025.
* **1 mark** for correct closing balance of $12 660 on the debit side as 'Balance c/d' on 30 June 2025.
* **1 mark** for bringing down the correct balance of $12 660 on the credit side as 'Balance b/d' on 1 July 2025.
题目 2 · structured
4 分
Hassan owns a trading business. On 1 October 2023, Hassan's ledger accounts showed the following opening balance:

* Provision for doubtful debts: $736

On 30 September 2024, trade receivables were $16,500. A further debt of $500 is to be written off as irrecoverable.

The provision for doubtful debts is to be adjusted to 5% of the remaining trade receivables.

**Required**

Write up Hassan's provision for doubtful debts account for the year ended 30 September 2024. Show the balancing of this account and bring down the opening balance on 1 October 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

### Hassan
**Provision for doubtful debts account**

| Date | Details | $ | Date | Details | $
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **2024** | | | **2023** | | |
| Sept 30 | Balance c/d | 800 | Oct 1 | Balance b/d | 736 |
| | | | **2024** | | |
| | | | Sept 30 | Income statement (W1) | 64 |
| | | **800** | | | **800** |
| | | | **2024** | | |
| | | | Oct 1 | Balance b/d | 800 |

**Working (W1):**
* Remaining trade receivables = $16,500 - $500 = $16,000
* Required provision = 5% of $16,000 = $800
* Opening provision = $736
* Increase in provision (transfer to Income Statement) = $800 - $736 = $64

评分标准

* **1 mark** for credit entry of opening balance $736 with date 1 October 2023.
* **2 marks** for credit entry of Income statement of $64 (1 mark for correct amount of $64, 1 mark for correct credit entry with 'Income statement' details).
* **1 mark** for correct balance c/d of $800 on debit side and credit balance b/d of $800 with date 1 October 2024.
题目 3 · structured
6 分
Hana owns a retail store. Her financial year ends on 31 December.

At 1 January 2024, the following balances were in Hana's ledger:

* Rent (unpaid): $400
* Rates (prepaid): $150

During the year ended 31 December 2024, Hana's bank payments included the following amount:

* Rent and rates: $12 450

**Additional Information**
At 31 December 2024, prepaid rates were $180 and unpaid rent was $480.

**REQUIRED**

Prepare the rent and rates account for the year ended 31 December 2024. Balance the account and bring down the balances at 1 January 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

Hana
Rent and rates account

| Date | Details | $ | Date | Details | $ |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **2024** | | | **2024** | | |
| Jan 1 | Balance b/d (rates) | 150 | Jan 1 | Balance b/d (rent) | 400 |
| Dec 31 | Bank | 12 450 | Dec 31 | Income statement | 12 500 |
| | Balance c/d (rent) | 480 | | Balance c/d (rates) | 180 |
| | | **13 080** | | | **13 080** |
| **2025** | | | **2025** | | |
| Jan 1 | Balance b/d (rates) | 180 | Jan 1 | Balance b/d (rent) | 480 |

**Workings:**
Income Statement amount = $150 + $12 450 + $480 - $400 - $180 = $12 500

评分标准

1 mark for each of the following:
* Debit Balance b/d at 1 January 2024 of $150 (1)
* Credit Balance b/d at 1 January 2024 of $400 (1)
* Debit Bank entry on 31 December 2024 of $12 450 (1)
* Credit Income statement transfer on 31 December 2024 of $12 500 (or own figure) (1)
* Debit Balance b/d at 1 January 2025 of $180 (1)
* Credit Balance b/d at 1 January 2025 of $480 (1)
题目 4 · structured
3 分
Elena is a sole trader. On 30 June 2024, the following balances were extracted from her books:

- Trade receivables: $14 600
- Rent prepaid: $650

**Additional information:**
1. An amount of $400 due from a credit customer is to be written off as irrecoverable.
2. The provision for doubtful debts is to be adjusted to 4% of the remaining trade receivables.

**Required**
Prepare the current assets section of Elena's statement of financial position at 30 June 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

**Elena**
**Statement of Financial Position (Current Assets section) at 30 June 2024**

$$
\begin{array}{|l|r|r|}
\hline
\textbf{Current Assets} & \$ & \$ \\
\hline
\text{Trade receivables } (14\,600 - 400) & 14\,200 & \\
\text{Less: Provision for doubtful debts } (14\,200 \times 4\%) & (568) & 13\,632 \\
\hline
\text{Other receivables (Rent prepaid)} & & 650 \\
\hline
\textbf{Total Current Assets} & & \mathbf{14\,282} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

评分标准

- **1 mark** for Net trade receivables of $13 632 [Trade receivables of $14 200 less Provision of $568 (OF)]
- **1 mark** for Other receivables (Rent prepaid) of $650
- **1 mark** for Total current assets of $14 282 (OF)
题目 5 · short answer
1 分
State which accounting principle is being applied when a trader adjusts the insurance account for insurance prepaid at the end of the financial year.
查看答案详解

解题

The accruals (or matching) principle requires that revenue and expenses are recognized in the period to which they relate, rather than when cash is paid or received. Adjusting for prepaid insurance ensures only the insurance cost of the current year is charged as an expense in the income statement.

评分标准

1 mark for identifying Accruals (or matching) principle.
题目 6 · short answer
1 分
State the accounting principle that is applied when a business creates a provision for doubtful debts to avoid overstating its trade receivables and net profit.
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解题

The prudence principle requires that financial statements do not overstate assets and profits, and do not understate liabilities and losses. Creating a provision for doubtful debts ensures that trade receivables are reported at a realistic net realizable value and potential bad debts are recognized as an expense.

评分标准

1 mark for identifying Prudence principle.
题目 7 · short answer
1 分
State how a business applies the accounting principle of consistency when calculating and recording the depreciation of its non-current assets.
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解题

The consistency principle requires that once an accounting method (such as the straight-line method) is selected, it must be used consistently in subsequent periods. This ensures that the financial statements of different years can be meaningfully compared.

评分标准

1 mark for stating that the same depreciation method must be applied from year to year / period to period. Do not accept 'using the same amount' or 'using the same rate' without mentioning the method.

部分 Question 4

Draft correction entries in the general journal and adjust profit and owner's equity accounts.
4 题目 · 24 分
题目 1 · structured
11 分
Anya prepared a trial balance at 31 October 2024. Anya later discovered the following errors.

1. Cash drawings of $210 had been recorded as a payment for office stationery.
2. Payment of electricity, $145, paid by bank transfer, had been recorded as $115.
3. Commission received, $450, had been debited to the bank account and credited to the sales account.
4. A sales invoice, $150, to Julian, had been credited to the account of Julia and debited to the sales account.
5. The purchase of an office computer, $850, had been debited to the computer repairs account.

**REQUIRED**

Prepare the journal entries to correct errors 1–5. Narratives are not required.
查看答案详解

解题

### Anya

**Journal**

| Error number | Details | Debit ($) | Credit ($) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drawings
Office stationery | 210
|
210 |
| 2 | Electricity (or Rent and rates)
Bank | 30
|
30 |
| 3 | Sales
Commission received | 450
|
450 |
| 4 | Julian
Julia
Sales | 150
150
|

300 |
| 5 | Office equipment (or Computer)
Computer repairs | 850
|
850 |

评分标准

| Error number | Details | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drawings
Office stationery / Stationery | 210
|
210 | **(1)** for Drawings Dr
**(1)** for Stationery Cr |
| 2 | Electricity (or Rent and rates / Expenses)
Bank | 30
|
30 | **(1)** for Electricity Dr
**(1)** for Bank Cr |
| 3 | Sales
Commission received | 450
|
450 | **(1)** for Sales Dr
**(1)** for Commission received Cr |
| 4 | Julian
Julia
Sales | 150
150
|

300 | **(1)** for Julian Dr
**(1)** for Julia Dr
**(1)** for Sales Cr |
| 5 | Office equipment / Computer / Non-current asset
Computer repairs | 850
|
850 | **(1)** for Office equipment Dr
**(1)** for Computer repairs Cr |
题目 2 · structured
5 分
Elena calculated a draft profit for the year ended 31 October 2024 of $18 400. She later discovered the following errors:

1. Stationery purchased on credit, $120, had been debited to the office equipment account.
2. A credit customer, Thomas, was allowed a cash discount of $45. This had been correctly recorded in the cash book but credited to the discount received account.
3. The sales journal had been undercast by $300.
4. A payment for private car insurance, $150, had been recorded as business motor expenses.
5. A purchase of office furniture, $800, paid by bank transfer, had been completely omitted from the ledger.

REQUIRED
Calculate Elena's profit for the year after correcting errors 1–5.
查看答案详解

解题

Calculation of Corrected Profit:

Draft profit for the year: $18 400
Error 1: Decrease profit by $120 (Stationery expense was recorded as an asset)
Error 2: Decrease profit by $90 (Correction requires debiting discount received with $45 and debiting discount allowed with $45)
Error 3: Increase profit by $300 (Sales revenue was understated)
Error 4: Increase profit by $150 (Private insurance was incorrectly treated as a business expense)
Error 5: No effect (Purchase of office furniture is capital expenditure and does not affect the profit for the year)

Corrected profit: $18 400 - $120 - $90 + $300 + $150 = $18 640

评分标准

1 mark for each correct adjustment (or 1 mark for the final corrected profit if no workings are shown but the total is correct):
- Error 1: -$120 (1)
- Error 2: -$90 (1)
- Error 3: +$300 (1)
- Error 4: +$150 (1)
- Corrected profit: $18 640 (1) [Allow OF based on candidate's adjustments]
题目 3 · open
4 分
Elias is a sole trader. The balance on his capital account at 1 January 2024 was $22 500.

Before correcting any errors, Elias's draft profit for the year ended 31 December 2024 was $14 800 and his drawings were recorded as $9 200.

He then discovered the following errors:
1. No entry had been made for $800 cash introduced by Elias as additional capital.
2. A payment of private insurance, $150, had been recorded in the business insurance account.
3. Repair of a motor vehicle, $350, had been capitalized (debited to the motor vehicles cost account). No depreciation has been charged on this vehicle yet.

Calculate Elias’s corrected capital account balance at 31 December 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

To calculate the corrected capital account balance at 31 December 2024, we must adjust the profit, drawings, and capital introduced:

1. **Corrected Profit for the year**:
- Draft profit: \( \$14\,800 \)
- Error 2 (Private insurance recorded as business expense): Overstated expense, so we add back \( \$150 \).
- Error 3 (Motor repairs capitalized): Understated expense, so we subtract \( \$350 \).
- Corrected Profit = \( \$14\,800 + \$150 - \$350 = \$14\,600 \)

2. **Corrected Drawings**:
- Original drawings: \( \$9\,200 \)
- Add: Private insurance: \( \$150 \)
- Corrected Drawings = \( \$9\,200 + \$150 = \$9\,350 \)

3. **Corrected Capital Balance Calculation**:
$$\begin{array}{|l|r|}
\hline
\text{Balance on capital account at 1 January 2024} & 22\,500 \\
\text{Add: Corrected profit} & 14\,600 \\
\text{Add: Capital introduced} & 800 \\
\hline
\text{Subtotal} & 37\,900 \\
\text{Less: Corrected drawings} & (9\,350) \\
\hline
\text{Balance on capital account at 31 December 2024} & 28\,550 \\
\hline
\end{array}$$

评分标准

- 1 mark for calculating the corrected profit of \( \$14\,600 \) (or for showing adjustments of \( +\$150 \) and \( -\$350 \)).
- 1 mark for identifying and adding the capital introduced of \( \$800 \).
- 1 mark for calculating the corrected drawings of \( \$9\,350 \) (or showing adjustment of \( +\$150 \) to drawings).
- 1 mark for the final capital balance of \( \$28\,550 \) (own figure rule applies based on previous entries).
题目 4 · open
4 分
Elias is a sole trader. The balance on his capital account at 1 January 2024 was $22 500.

Before correcting any errors, Elias's draft profit for the year ended 31 December 2024 was $14 800 and his drawings were recorded as $9 200.

He then discovered the following errors:
1. No entry had been made for $800 cash introduced by Elias as additional capital.
2. A payment of private insurance, $150, had been recorded in the business insurance account.
3. Repair of a motor vehicle, $350, had been capitalized (debited to the motor vehicles cost account). No depreciation has been charged on this vehicle yet.

Calculate Elias’s corrected capital account balance at 31 December 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

To calculate the corrected capital account balance at 31 December 2024, we must adjust the profit, drawings, and capital introduced:

1. **Corrected Profit for the year**:
- Draft profit: \( \$14\,800 \)
- Error 2 (Private insurance recorded as business expense): Overstated expense, so we add back \( \$150 \).
- Error 3 (Motor repairs capitalized): Understated expense, so we subtract \( \$350 \).
- Corrected Profit = \( \$14\,800 + \$150 - \$350 = \$14\,600 \)

2. **Corrected Drawings**:
- Original drawings: \( \$9\,200 \)
- Add: Private insurance: \( \$150 \)
- Corrected Drawings = \( \$9\,200 + \$150 = \$9\,350 \)

3. **Corrected Capital Balance Calculation**:
$$\begin{array}{|l|r|}
\hline
\text{Balance on capital account at 1 January 2024} & 22\,500 \\
\text{Add: Corrected profit} & 14\,600 \\
\text{Add: Capital introduced} & 800 \\
\hline
\text{Subtotal} & 37\,900 \\
\text{Less: Corrected drawings} & (9\,350) \\
\hline
\text{Balance on capital account at 31 December 2024} & 28\,550 \\
\hline
\end{array}$$

评分标准

- 1 mark for calculating the corrected profit of \( \$14\,600 \) (or for showing adjustments of \( +\$150 \) and \( -\$350 \)).
- 1 mark for identifying and adding the capital introduced of \( \$800 \).
- 1 mark for calculating the corrected drawings of \( \$9\,350 \) (or showing adjustment of \( +\$150 \) to drawings).
- 1 mark for the final capital balance of \( \$28\,550 \) (own figure rule applies based on previous entries).

部分 Question 5

Formulate ledger control accounts and prepare financial statements under incomplete records constraints.
6 题目 · 27 分
题目 1 · subjective
4 分
Tariq is a trader. All his purchases are on credit. He does not keep a full set of accounting records but has provided the following information for the year ended 30 June 2025.

$$
\begin{array}{|l|r|}
\hline
\text{At 1 July 2024:} & \\
\text{Trade payables} & \$4\,200 \\
\hline
\text{Bank payments during the year to 30 June 2025:} & \\
\text{Trade payables (after deducting cash discount of } \$1\,150\text{)} & \$52\,600 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

**Additional Information**
The amount owed to trade payables at 30 June 2025 was 20% more than the amount owed at 1 July 2024.

**REQUIRED**

Prepare Tariq’s purchases ledger control account for the year ended 30 June 2025. Balance the account and bring down the balance at 1 July 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

$$\begin{array}{clc|clc}
\hline
\text{Date} & \text{Details} & \$ & \text{Date} & \text{Details} & \$
\hline
\text{2025} & & & \text{2024} & & \\
\text{June 30} & \text{Bank} & 52\,600 & \text{July 1} & \text{Balance b/d} & 4\,200 \\
& \text{Discount received} & 1\,150 & \text{2025} & & \\
& \text{Balance c/d} & 5\,040 & \text{June 30} & \text{Purchases (OF)} & 54\,590 \\
\hline
& & 58\,790 & & & 58\,790 \\
\hline
& & & \text{2025} & & \\
& & & \text{July 1} & \text{Balance b/d (OF)} & 5\,040 \\
\hline
\end{array}$$

**Workings:**
1. Closing Trade Payables = $4,200 \times 1.20 = $5,040.
2. Credit Purchases = $52,600 + $1,150 + $5,040 - $4,200 = $54,590.

评分标准

- **1 mark** for both debit entries: Bank ($52,600) and Discount received ($1,150).
- **1 mark** for opening Balance b/d ($4,200) on credit side at 1 July 2024.
- **1 mark** for balancing figure of Purchases ($54,590) on credit side (Accept OF).
- **1 mark** for closing Balance c/d ($5,040) on debit side at 30 June 2025 and corresponding Balance b/d ($5,040) on credit side at 1 July 2025.
题目 2 · subjective
4 分
Tariq is a trader. All his purchases are on credit. He does not keep a full set of accounting records but has provided the following information for the year ended 30 June 2025.

$$
\begin{array}{|l|r|}
\hline
\text{At 1 July 2024:} & \\
\text{Trade payables} & \$4\,200 \\
\hline
\text{Bank payments during the year to 30 June 2025:} & \\
\text{Trade payables (after deducting cash discount of } \$1\,150\text{)} & \$52\,600 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

**Additional Information**
The amount owed to trade payables at 30 June 2025 was 20% more than the amount owed at 1 July 2024.

**REQUIRED**

Prepare Tariq’s purchases ledger control account for the year ended 30 June 2025. Balance the account and bring down the balance at 1 July 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

$$\begin{array}{clc|clc}
\hline
\text{Date} & \text{Details} & \$ & \text{Date} & \text{Details} & \$
\hline
\text{2025} & & & \text{2024} & & \\
\text{June 30} & \text{Bank} & 52\,600 & \text{July 1} & \text{Balance b/d} & 4\,200 \\
& \text{Discount received} & 1\,150 & \text{2025} & & \\
& \text{Balance c/d} & 5\,040 & \text{June 30} & \text{Purchases (OF)} & 54\,590 \\
\hline
& & 58\,790 & & & 58\,790 \\
\hline
& & & \text{2025} & & \\
& & & \text{July 1} & \text{Balance b/d (OF)} & 5\,040 \\
\hline
\end{array}$$

**Workings:**
1. Closing Trade Payables = $4,200 \times 1.20 = $5,040.
2. Credit Purchases = $52,600 + $1,150 + $5,040 - $4,200 = $54,590.

评分标准

- **1 mark** for both debit entries: Bank ($52,600) and Discount received ($1,150).
- **1 mark** for opening Balance b/d ($4,200) on credit side at 1 July 2024.
- **1 mark** for balancing figure of Purchases ($54,590) on credit side (Accept OF).
- **1 mark** for closing Balance c/d ($5,040) on debit side at 30 June 2025 and corresponding Balance b/d ($5,040) on credit side at 1 July 2025.
题目 3 · structured
8 分
Beatrice is a sole trader who does not maintain a complete set of accounting records. She has provided the following information for the year ended 30 June 2025:

Balances on 1 July 2024:
Inventory: $8,400
Prepaid insurance: $450
Accrued electricity: $180

Balances on 30 June 2025:
Inventory: $9,100
Prepaid insurance: $320
Accrued electricity: $240

Bank payments during the year ended 30 June 2025:
Purchases of goods: $48,200
Insurance: $2,400
Electricity: $1,950
General expenses: $5,100

Additional Information:
1. Beatrice sells her goods at a constant gross profit margin of 20%.
2. Equipment at cost is $15,000. Depreciation is to be charged at 10% per annum using the straight-line method.

REQUIRED
Prepare Beatrice's income statement for the year ended 30 June 2025.
查看答案详解

解题

Beatrice
Income Statement for the year ended 30 June 2025

$$Revenue ($47,500 / 0.80)59,375Cost of salesOpening inventory8,400Purchases48,20056,600Less: Closing inventory(9,100)(47,500)Gross profit11,875ExpensesInsurance ($2,400 + $450 - $320)2,530Electricity ($1,950 - $180 + $240)2,010General expenses5,100Depreciation - equipment (10% * $15,000)1,500(11,140)Profit for the year735

评分标准

Award marks as follows:
- Revenue: $59,375 [1] (or 1 OF based on calculated Cost of Sales)
- Cost of sales: $47,500 [1] (must show correct treatment of opening inventory, purchases, and closing inventory)
- Gross profit: $11,875 [1] (or 1 OF based on calculated Revenue and Cost of Sales)
- Insurance: $2,530 [1] (correctly adjusting for opening and closing prepayments)
- Electricity: $2,010 [1] (correctly adjusting for opening and closing accruals)
- Depreciation: $1,500 [1]
- General expenses: $5,100 [1]
- Profit for the year: $735 [1] (or 1 OF based on calculated Gross Profit and total expenses)
题目 4 · structured
3 分
Evelyn is a sole trader who does not maintain a full set of accounting books. She provided the following information for the year ended 31 December 2024: (i) Trade receivables at 1 January 2024: $15 600, (ii) Credit sales for the year: $88 200, (iii) Receipts from credit customers paid into the bank: $85 400, (iv) Cash discount allowed to credit customers: $950. Calculate Evelyn's trade receivables at 31 December 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

To find the closing trade receivables at 31 December 2024: Closing Trade Receivables = Opening Trade Receivables + Credit Sales - Receipts from Credit Customers - Discount Allowed. Calculation: 15600 + 88200 - 85400 - 950 = 17450. Therefore, the trade receivables at 31 December 2024 is $17 450.

评分标准

Award marks as follows: 1 mark for showing opening trade receivables plus credit sales (15 600 + 88 200). 1 mark for showing deduction of receipts and cash discount (- 85 400 - 950). 1 mark for the correct final balance of $17 450.
题目 5 · structured
3 分
Evelyn is a sole trader who does not maintain a full set of accounting books. She provided the following information for the year ended 31 December 2024: (i) Trade receivables at 1 January 2024: $15 600, (ii) Credit sales for the year: $88 200, (iii) Receipts from credit customers paid into the bank: $85 400, (iv) Cash discount allowed to credit customers: $950. Calculate Evelyn's trade receivables at 31 December 2024.
查看答案详解

解题

To find the closing trade receivables at 31 December 2024: Closing Trade Receivables = Opening Trade Receivables + Credit Sales - Receipts from Credit Customers - Discount Allowed. Calculation: 15600 + 88200 - 85400 - 950 = 17450. Therefore, the trade receivables at 31 December 2024 is $17 450.

评分标准

Award marks as follows: 1 mark for showing opening trade receivables plus credit sales (15 600 + 88 200). 1 mark for showing deduction of receipts and cash discount (- 85 400 - 950). 1 mark for the correct final balance of $17 450.
题目 6 · structured
5 分
Tariq does not keep a full set of accounting records. He is considering purchasing computerized accounting software to maintain a full double entry system. The software package and basic training course will cost $1200. Advise Tariq whether or not he should purchase the accounting software. Justify your answer by providing two points for and two points against making this purchase.
查看答案详解

解题

Points for purchasing accounting software (Max 2 marks): (1) It automatically balances ledger accounts and generates trial balances, which reduces mathematical errors and saves time. (2) Tariq will have immediate access to up-to-date accounting information, such as customer account balances, which improves credit control and cash flow management. (3) Financial statements can be prepared automatically and quickly at the end of the year. Points against purchasing accounting software (Max 2 marks): (1) There is an initial high cost of $1200 for software and training, which reduces the liquidity of a small business. (2) There is a time commitment required for Tariq to learn how to operate the software. (3) Computerized systems are still subject to errors of input, such as errors of omission or commission (garbage in, garbage out). Recommendation (1 mark): A clear decision (to purchase or not to purchase) supported by a logical summary of the arguments presented.

评分标准

For purchasing accounting software: 1 mark for each valid point up to a maximum of 2 marks. Against purchasing accounting software: 1 mark for each valid point up to a maximum of 2 marks. Recommendation: 1 mark for a clear recommendation based on the points provided.

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