2025 Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) 模拟试题及答案详解

State what is meant by the term drainage basin and name the highland boundary that separates two adjacent drainage basins.

Define what is meant by the term *drainage basin* and state the term used for the boundary that separates two adjacent drainage basins.

State one physical attraction and two human attractions that draw tourists to coastal resort destinations.

Define the term hydraulic action in the context of river erosion and state one condition where this process operates most effectively.

Define the term longshore drift and name the coastal depositional landform that typically forms where longshore drift extends sediment out past a sudden bend or change in coastline orientation.

State what is meant by the term *infant mortality rate* and identify one reason why it is high in many Low-Income Countries (LICs).

Define the coastal process of *hydraulic action* and name one landform produced by coastal erosion.

What is meant by the river process of *hydraulic action*?

Define the term *sphere of influence* in relation to a settlement or service.

Define the term *river discharge* and state the standard unit used to measure it.

State what is meant by the term *infant mortality rate*.

What is meant by the term *river discharge*?

Explain how *hydraulic action* erodes coastal cliff faces.

Define the term *drainage basin* and state the geographical term for the boundary line separating two neighbouring drainage basins.

What is meant by the demographic term *infant mortality rate*?

State what is meant by the term river discharge and state one unit in which it is measured.

Define the term infant mortality rate and identify one development that helps to lower it.

Study Table 1.1, which shows demographic data for four countries in 2024.

Table 1.1
| Country | Birth rate (per 1000) | Death rate (per 1000) | Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | Life expectancy (years) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Country W | 38.2 | 11.5 | 54.0 | 58 |
| Country X | 19.4 | 6.8 | 14.2 | 74 |
| Country Y | 9.8 | 10.4 | 3.1 | 82 |
| Country Z | 10.1 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 81 |

(a) Identify the country in Table 1.1 that is experiencing natural population decrease. [1]

(b) Using Table 1.1 only, compare the demographic characteristics of Country W with Country Z. Do not use statistics in your answer. [3]

Study Table 2.1, which shows storm hydrograph measurements recorded at two monitoring stations, Station A (forested catchment) and Station B (urbanized catchment), following an identical 45 mm rainfall event.

Table 2.1
| Measurement | Station A (Forested) | Station B (Urbanized) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Peak discharge (\(\text{m}^3/\text{s}\)) | 18 | 62 |
| Lag time (hours) | 16 | 3 |
| Gradient of rising limb | Gentle / gradual | Steep / rapid |
| Baseflow contribution (\(\%\)) | 72 | 24 |

(a) Using Table 2.1, describe two differences between the hydrograph recorded at Station A and Station B. [2]

(b) Explain why urban development in a river catchment results in a shorter lag time and higher peak discharge. [2]

Study Table 1.1, which shows demographic data for two countries in 2023.

Table 1.1
| Demographic indicator | Country P | Country Q |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Birth rate (per 1000 people) | 34.8 | 9.6 |
| Death rate (per 1000 people) | 7.2 | 10.4 |
| Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 44.0 | 3.2 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 63.5 | 82.1 |

Using Table 1.1, compare the demographic characteristics of Country P and Country Q. You must refer to statistics in your answer.

Study Table 2.1, which shows data collected at four sampling sites along the River Veda from upstream (Site 1) to downstream (Site 4).

Table 2.1
| Variable measured | Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Channel width (m) | 2.4 | 5.8 | 11.2 | 18.6 |
| Channel depth (m) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| Average water velocity (m/s) | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.98 |
| Average bedload particle diameter (cm) | 12.5 | 6.8 | 2.4 | 0.5 |

Using Table 2.1 only, describe the changes in the channel characteristics and bedload of the River Veda from Site 1 to Site 4. You must refer to data in your answer.

Study Table 1.1, which shows demographic data for four countries (A, B, C and D) in 2024.

Table 1.1
Country | Birth rate (per 1000) | Death rate (per 1000) | % Population aged 65 and over | Life expectancy (years)
Country A | 36.5 | 9.2 | 3.4 | 61
Country B | 19.8 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 74
Country C | 12.4 | 9.5 | 16.8 | 79
Country D | 8.6 | 11.8 | 22.5 | 83

(i) Name the country in Table 1.1 with the highest rate of natural increase. [1]
(ii) Calculate the rate of natural population change per 1000 people for Country D. State clearly whether it is an increase or decrease. [1]
(iii) Using Table 1.1 and your own knowledge, suggest two reasons why Country D has a higher death rate than Country B despite having a higher life expectancy. [2]

Study Table 2.1, which shows river channel data recorded at four survey sites along a 40 km river from source to mouth.

Table 2.1
Site | Distance from source (km) | Average width (m) | Average depth (m) | Average velocity (m/s) | Cross-sectional area (m²)
Site 1 (Upper course) | 3 | 1.8 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.45
Site 2 (Upper-middle) | 12 | 4.6 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 2.76
Site 3 (Lower-middle) | 26 | 11.2 | 1.15 | 0.74 | 12.88
Site 4 (Lower course) | 38 | 24.5 | 2.30 | 0.89 | 56.35

(i) State the average width of the river channel at Site 2. [1]
(ii) Describe the relationship shown in Table 2.1 between distance from source and cross-sectional area. [1]
(iii) Explain two reasons why average velocity increases downstream between Site 1 and Site 4. [2]

For a named area of coastline you have studied, explain how it is managed to protect it from coastal erosion.

Name of coastal area .................................................................

For a named coastal area you have studied, describe the methods used to manage coastal erosion.

Name of coastal area .................................................................

For a named area you have studied where tourism is important, explain how tourism is managed to reduce its negative impacts on the natural environment.

Name of area .................................................................................

Study the 1:50 000 topographic map extract of the Glen Isla and Port Dunmore region (Fig. 1.1).

(a) (i) Identify the feature found at grid reference 342678. [1]
(ii) State the six-figure grid reference of the post office (PO) in Dunmore village. [1]
(iii) State the height above sea level, in metres, of the spot height located at 381654. [1]

(b) (i) Measure the distance along the main road (A412) from the road bridge at 324651 to the road junction at 368673. Give your answer in kilometres. [1]
(ii) State the compass direction from Mount Craig (315682) to the lighthouse at Dunmore Head (378625). [1]
(iii) State the bearing, in degrees, from the trigonometrical station at 334690 to the church with a tower at 358662. [1]

(c) (i) Describe the physical features of the Glen Isla River between easting 310 and easting 370. [4]
(ii) Describe the relief of the area north of northing 68. [3]

(d) (i) Identify two types of natural vegetation found in the south-western part of the map extract (south of northing 64 and west of easting 34). [2]
(ii) Describe the distribution and pattern of settlement in the map extract. [4]

(e) Suggest two physical factors that have influenced the growth and site of the port settlement at Port Dunmore (3663). [2]

Study Fig. 1.1, which shows storm hydrographs for two contrasting drainage basins, Catchment A (forested catchment) and Catchment B (urbanised catchment), following an identical rainfall event of 45 mm.

(a) (i) State the peak discharge recorded for Catchment B.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the difference in lag time between Catchment A and Catchment B.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Using Fig. 1.1, describe two differences between the hydrograph of Catchment A and Catchment B.
1 ................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Explain why the hydrograph for Catchment B has a steeper rising limb and a higher peak discharge than Catchment A.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]

Study Fig. 2.1, a sketch map showing coastal landforms and human activities along a stretch of coastline.

(a) (i) Identify the coastal landform labelled X at the mouth of the estuary.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1, state the direction of longshore drift along this coastline.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State two conditions required for the formation of coastal landform X.
1 ................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Explain how the process of longshore drift transports sediment along the coastline.
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....................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................... [4]

1 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows a storm hydrograph for the River Calderon following a heavy rainfall event.

[Fig. 2.1 description: A combined rainfall bar chart and discharge hydrograph. Rainfall occurs between 01:00 and 07:00, with a peak rainfall of 28 mm recorded at 04:00. Discharge starts at a baseflow of 12 m³/s at 01:00, rises steadily, reaches a peak discharge of 65 m³/s at 10:00, and recedes gradually to 15 m³/s by 22:00.]

(i) State the peak rainfall amount shown in Fig. 2.1. [1]
(ii) Calculate the lag time of the river basin in hours. [1]
(iii) State the peak discharge of the river. Include the unit of measurement in your answer. [1]

(b) Study Table 2.1, which compares characteristics of two sub-catchments (Catchment X and Catchment Y) in the River Calderon basin.

Table 2.1:
- Built-up urban land use: Catchment X = 48%, Catchment Y = 5%
- Forest cover: Catchment X = 8%, Catchment Y = 62%
- Average valley slope gradient: Catchment X = 18°, Catchment Y = 4°
- Predominant soil type: Catchment X = Heavy clay, Catchment Y = Permeable sandy loam

(i) Catchment X produces a significantly shorter lag time and a higher peak discharge than Catchment Y. Using Table 2.1, suggest two reasons for this difference. [2]
(ii) Explain how afforestation within Catchment Y helps to reduce the risk of flooding downstream. [3]

2 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a sketch map showing coastal features along a stretch of coastline.

[Fig. 3.1 description: A coastal sketch map showing headlands and bays. At headland location Z (grid reference 442186), an opening extends through the headland from one side to the other, forming a bridge of rock above water. The dominant wind arrow points from the south-west toward the north-east across open water.]

(i) Identify coastal landform Z shown on Fig. 3.1. [1]
(ii) State the compass direction from which the prevailing wind blows. [1]
(iii) Name the specific process of coastal erosion that occurs when air trapped in rock joints is compressed by breaking waves. [1]

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows cross-sectional beach profiles surveyed at Site P (updrift of a wooden groyne) and Site Q (downdrift of the wooden groyne).

[Fig. 3.2 description: Beach Profile Site P (updrift) shows a wide, gently sloped beach with a berm height of 4.2 m above sea level extending 45 m seaward. Beach Profile Site Q (downdrift) shows a narrow, steep pebble-and-sand profile with a crest height of 1.8 m extending only 15 m seaward, with exposed underlying bedrock near the low-water mark.]

(i) Using Fig. 3.2, compare the beach profile at Site P with the beach profile at Site Q. Do not use statistics in your answer. [2]
(ii) Explain how longshore drift operates along a coastline and why it leads to sediment starvation downdrift of a groyne. [3]

Study Fig. 2.1, which shows storm hydrographs and rainfall data for two drainage basins, Basin X and Basin Y, following a single heavy storm event.

**Fig. 2.1 (Storm Hydrograph Summary Data)**
* **Peak rainfall:** 35 mm at 04:00 hours
* **Basin X (Urbanized catchment):**
- Peak discharge: \(52\text{ m}^3/\text{s}\) at 07:00 hours
- Baseflow: \(8\text{ m}^3/\text{s}\)
* **Basin Y (Forested natural catchment):**
- Peak discharge: \(22\text{ m}^3/\text{s}\) at 12:00 hours
- Baseflow: \(6\text{ m}^3/\text{s}\)

(a) (i) What is meant by the term *lag time*? [1]

(a) (ii) State the peak discharge recorded in:
- Basin X: ....................................
- Basin Y: .................................... [2]

(b) Using Fig. 2.1, calculate the difference in lag time between Basin X and Basin Y. Show your working. [2]

(c) Explain why the hydrograph for Basin X has a shorter lag time and a higher peak discharge than Basin Y. [3]

Study Table 1.1, which shows demographic and settlement data for four regions in a developing country.

**Table 1.1**
| Region | Total Population | Area (\(\text{km}^2\)) | Urban Population (%) | Primary Employment (%) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| North | 1,200,000 | 40,000 | 25 | 62 |
| South | 4,500,000 | 15,000 | 78 | 14 |
| East | 850,000 | 34,000 | 30 | 58 |
| West | 2,100,000 | 12,000 | 65 | 22 |

(a) (i) Identify the region with the lowest percentage of urban population. [1]

(a) (ii) Calculate the population density of the South region. State the unit in your answer. [2]

(b) Using Table 1.1, describe the relationship between the percentage of urban population and the percentage of employment in the primary sector. [2]

(c) Suggest three reasons why population density is typically much higher in urbanized regions than in rural regions. [3]

Students in southern England investigated changes along the River Lynbrook from its source to a lower course site. They chose 5 data collection sites along a 14 km section of the river.

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: River discharge increases downstream.
Hypothesis 2: Bedload particle size decreases and roundness increases downstream.

(a) (i) Before starting their fieldwork, the students carried out a risk assessment. Identify three distinct safety risks associated with river fieldwork and state a precaution for each. [3]

(ii) Name two pieces of equipment used to measure the wetted channel width and water depth across a river transect. [2]

(b) (i) Describe how the students measured river velocity across the channel using a digital flow meter. [4]

(ii) At Site 3, the students collected the following data:
- Channel width: 4.8 m
- Water depths measured at 0.8 m intervals from the left bank (m): 0.15, 0.28, 0.42, 0.38, 0.22
- Mean surface velocity: 0.65 m/s

Calculate the mean depth (in m), cross-sectional area (in m²), and river discharge (in m³/s) at Site 3. Show your working. (Discharge = Cross-sectional area × Velocity). [4]

(c) (i) The students collected 20 bedload pebbles from the river bed at each site. Describe a systematic sampling method the students could use to select these pebbles across the river channel to avoid bias. [3]

(ii) Describe how the students measured the size (long axis) and roundness of each sampled pebble. [3]

(d) (i) Table 1 shows the summary data collected at all 5 sites:

Table 1:
Site | Distance from source (km) | Width (m) | Mean depth (m) | Cross-sectional area (m²) | Mean velocity (m/s) | Discharge (m³/s) | Mean pebble length (cm) | Powers roundness score (1–6)
1 | 1.2 | 1.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 11.4 | 1.8 (Very angular)
2 | 4.5 | 2.60 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 8.2 | 2.6 (Sub-angular)
3 | 8.0 | 4.80 | 0.29 | 1.39 | 0.65 | 0.90 | 5.1 | 3.7 (Sub-rounded)
4 | 11.5 | 6.40 | 0.41 | 2.62 | 0.78 | 2.04 | 3.4 | 4.4 (Rounded)
5 | 13.8 | 8.90 | 0.58 | 5.16 | 0.85 | 4.39 | 1.9 | 5.2 (Well rounded)

What conclusion should the students reach about Hypothesis 1 (River discharge increases downstream)? Support your decision with data evidence from Table 1. [4]

(ii) What conclusion should the students reach about Hypothesis 2 (Bedload particle size decreases and roundness increases downstream)? Support your decision with data evidence from Table 1. [4]

(e) Suggest three ways the students could improve the reliability or accuracy of their fieldwork data collection. [3]

Students in a coastal resort town investigated the impacts of tourism. They selected 6 survey sites along a 1.5 km transect starting from the seafront promenade (Site 1) to an outer residential suburb (Site 6).

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: Pedestrian footfall and tourist services decrease as distance from the seafront promenade increases.
Hypothesis 2: Environmental quality is lowest near the seafront promenade due to high tourist concentration.

(a) (i) State two reasons why students should conduct a pilot survey before undertaking their main urban fieldwork. [2]

(ii) Describe how the students could carry out a 10-minute pedestrian count at each of the 6 survey sites to collect reliable data. [3]

(b) The students designed an Environmental Quality Survey (EQS) bi-polar scoring sheet shown in Table 2.

Table 2:
Environmental Criterion | -2 | -1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | Environmental Criterion
Litter everywhere | | | | | | Clean / no visible litter
Heavy traffic noise | | | | | | Quiet / peaceful
Poor building maintenance | | | | | | Well-maintained buildings
No green spaces / trees | | | | | | Abundant gardens / trees
Vandalism / graffiti visible | | | | | | No graffiti or vandalism

(i) Explain how bi-polar scoring is used to calculate an overall environmental quality score for a site. [3]

(ii) State two problems of using an Environmental Quality Survey and explain how students can minimise each problem. [4]

(c) Table 3 shows the data collected by the students at the 6 sites:

Table 3:
Site | Distance from seafront (m) | 10-minute pedestrian count | Number of tourist-oriented services (souvenirs, cafes, hotels) | Total EQS score (out of +10 to -10)
1 | 0 (Promenade) | 142 | 18 | -4
2 | 250 | 98 | 14 | -2
3 | 500 | 64 | 9 | +1
4 | 800 | 38 | 4 | +5
5 | 1150 | 21 | 1 | +7
6 | 1500 | 12 | 0 | +8

(i) Identify the relationship between distance from the seafront and the number of tourist-oriented services shown in Table 3. [1]

(ii) Calculate the percentage decrease in pedestrian footfall between Site 1 and Site 6. [2]

(d) (i) What conclusion should the students reach regarding Hypothesis 1 (Pedestrian footfall and tourist services decrease as distance from the seafront promenade increases)? Support your answer with data evidence from Table 3. [4]

(ii) What conclusion should the students reach regarding Hypothesis 2 (Environmental quality is lowest near the seafront promenade due to high tourist concentration)? Support your answer with data evidence from Table 3. [4]

(e) The students decided to extend their investigation by surveying local residents and tourists to investigate their opinions on traffic congestion and seasonal overcrowding.
Describe a sampling method and two suitable questions (one closed and one open-ended) they could use in a questionnaire survey. [4]