Cambridge IGCSE · thinka 原创模拟试题

2025 Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) 模拟试题及答案详解

Thinka Nov 2025 (V2) Cambridge IGCSE-Style Mock — Geography (0460)

270 分285 分钟2025
分析模拟试题
An original Thinka practice paper modelled on the structure and difficulty of the Nov 2025 (V2) Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) paper. Not affiliated with or reproduced from Cambridge.

Paper 12 (Themes)

Answer three questions in total, one from each section (Population, Natural Environment, Economic Development).
6 题目 · 150 分
题目 1 · structured-essay
25 分
1 (a) Study the following list of terms associated with population studies. 'Emigration' 'Immigration' 'Internal migration' 'Net migration' (i) Define the term 'emigration'. [1] (ii) Identify two pull factors that attract rural migrants to major cities in LEDCs. [2] (iii) Describe three ways in which rural-to-urban migration can benefit the economy of the receiving city. [3] (iv) Describe the difficulties migrants from rural areas may face when they first arrive in a major city in an LEDC. [4] (b) (i) Explain how the age and gender structure of migrants typically differs from the non-migrant population in a rural area of origin. [3] (ii) Explain how rapid out-migration can lead to negative consequences for the source region (the area from which people migrate). [5] (c) For a named country you have studied, explain the causes of a major international migration flow. [7]
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解题

1(a)(i) Emigration is the movement of people out of a country to live in another country permanently. 1(a)(ii) Pull factors: More job opportunities with higher wages; Better educational facilities/schools; Superior healthcare/modern hospitals. 1(a)(iii) Benefits to destination city: Expands the labour force with young, motivated workers; Drives local businesses and services by increasing demand; Migrants pay taxes which funds urban infrastructure. 1(a)(iv) Difficulties: Lack of affordable housing leads to living in informal settlements/slums; High competition for jobs can result in unemployment or low-paying informal work; Language barriers or cultural differences leading to social isolation; Poor access to clean water, electricity, and sanitation. 1(b)(i) Migrants are typically young adults (aged 15 to 35), leading to an overrepresentation of working-age groups compared to the aging population left behind. They are also often predominantly male in certain regions, leaving more females in the source area. 1(b)(ii) Consequences for source area: 'Brain drain' as skilled and educated workers leave; Loss of the active, working-age population leaves an aging, dependent population; Decline in local food production/agriculture due to lack of labour; Closure of local businesses and schools due to a declining population; However, positive remittances can be sent back. 1(c) Case study: Migration from Mexico to the USA. Causes: Push factors include high levels of poverty in rural Mexican states like Chiapas, lack of formal employment opportunities, low wages (averaging 5 dollars/day), and agricultural instability due to drought. Pull factors include the prospect of higher wages in the US (agriculture, construction), family reunification (established diasporas in California/Texas), and better social services (education, healthcare).

评分标准

1(a)(i) 1 mark for correct definition (movement of people leaving a country to settle elsewhere). 1(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for pull factors (e.g., higher paid jobs, better schooling, medical care). 1(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for economic benefits (e.g., provides a larger market, increases tax revenues, fills low-skilled labour shortages). 1(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for rural migrant difficulties (e.g., building squatter huts, lack of clean piped water, discrimination, high cost of living). 1(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for explaining differences (e.g., higher proportion of males, younger age profile (15-35), lowers the average age of urban areas). 1(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for negative impacts on source area (e.g., decline in birth rate due to fewer young couples [1], lack of innovation/development [1], underuse of local resources [1]). Max 4 if no development. 1(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements explaining causes of migration (e.g., lack of jobs, poverty, better wages). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements with specific details of causes (e.g., low agricultural yields due to climate variation in rural states [4], sending remittances to improve housing [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific detail (naming specific source/destination states like Zacatecas and California, or citing precise wage disparities).
题目 2 · structured-essay
25 分
2 (a) Study the following list of urban zones. 'Central Business District (CBD)' 'Inner City' 'Rural-Urban Fringe' 'Suburbs' (i) Which urban zone is characterized by the highest land values and tallest buildings? [1] (ii) Identify two characteristics of the Inner City zone in an MEDC. [2] (iii) Describe three ways in which the residential areas of the outer suburbs differ from those of the inner city in an MEDC. [3] (iv) Explain why high-technology industries are frequently located in the Rural-Urban Fringe of major cities. [4] (b) (i) Describe three problems caused by rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation in LEDCs. [3] (ii) Explain how urban planners can reduce the environmental impacts of traffic congestion in major cities. [5] (c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe the strategies used to improve the quality of life in squatter settlements. [7]
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解题

2(a)(i) Central Business District (CBD). 2(a)(ii) Inner City features: High building density / terraced housing; Older, industrial factories or brownfield sites; Lack of green open space/parks. 2(a)(iii) Differences: Suburbs have larger, detached/semi-detached houses with private gardens, whereas inner cities have high-density flats/terraced houses; Suburb roads are wider and arranged in cul-de-sacs, unlike the grid-iron patterns of inner cities; Suburbs have lower air and noise pollution levels and more green space. 2(a)(iv) Reasons for high-tech in rural-urban fringe: Land is cheaper than in the CBD, allowing for large single-storey modern laboratories; Easy accessibility via ring roads/motorways for commuters and deliveries; Proximity to prestigious universities for research partnerships; Pleasant, green environment with room for expansion. 2(b)(i) Problems of rapid urbanisation: Proliferation of squatter settlements/slums with poor sanitation; Overburdened waste disposal systems leading to litter and water-borne diseases; Growth of informal employment due to lack of formal jobs. 2(b)(ii) Planners reducing traffic impacts: Developing efficient public transit networks (undergrounds, bus rapid transit lanes) to encourage people not to drive; Implementing congestion charging zones in city centres; Building park-and-ride schemes at the city outskirts; Expanding cycling infrastructure (dedicated bike lanes, rental systems); Pedestrianising central shopping streets. 2(c) Case study: Dharavi squatter settlement in Mumbai, India. Strategies: Self-help schemes where residents are provided with building materials (timber, concrete blocks) to upgrade their homes; Installation of communal standpipes to provide safe drinking water and decrease cholera outbreaks; Construction of community block toilets to improve basic sanitation; Government-funded redevelopment plans to replace slums with multi-storey apartment blocks (slum rehabilitation scheme), though these face community resistance due to loss of informal workspaces.

评分标准

2(a)(i) 1 mark for Central Business District (CBD). 2(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for Inner City features (e.g., high density, grid street pattern, mixed commercial/residential). 2(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for differences (comparison must be clear, e.g., outer suburbs have more detached houses [1] compared to high-rise/terraced in inner city [1]). 2(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for reasons (e.g., cheaper land, room for car parking, proximity to main transport links, attractive greenfield sites). 2(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for urbanisation problems (e.g., congestion, squatter growth, pressure on healthcare/schools, visual pollution). 2(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for solutions to traffic (e.g., introducing bus lanes to speed up public transit [1] which attracts more commuters [1]; congestion charging to discourage driving in peak hours [1]). Max 4 if no development. 2(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements of strategies (e.g., building toilets, giving building materials, relocating people). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements detailing how the strategies work (e.g., providing piped water reducing waterborne diseases like typhoid [4], upgrading squatter houses using brick to prevent fire risk [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific reference (names of specific local schemes, e.g., Slum Rehabilitation Authority, Dharavi redevelopment, or specific local community groups).
题目 3 · structured-essay
25 分
3 (a) Study the processes of river transport listed below. 'Traction' 'Saltation' 'Suspension' 'Solution' (i) Which of these processes involves small pebbles and stones bouncing along the river bed? [1] (ii) Identify two landforms that are created primarily by river deposition. [2] (iii) Describe the process of hydraulic action and explain how it erodes the banks of a river. [3] (iv) Explain why a river is likely to deposit its load at certain points along its course. [4] (b) (i) Describe three differences between the upper course and lower course of a typical river valley. [3] (ii) Explain how a waterfall is formed. You should include a labelled diagram in your answer. [5] (c) For a named river you have studied, explain the causes of flooding. [7]
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解题

3(a)(i) Saltation. 3(a)(ii) Deposition landforms: Floodplains; Deltas / levees. 3(a)(iii) Hydraulic action: The sheer force of the moving water hits the river banks, trapping air in cracks and crevices. The air is compressed, expanding the cracks and causing chunks of the bank to break off. 3(a)(iv) Why river deposits: A sudden decrease in velocity/speed of flow; The river enters a lake or the sea, stopping its movement; The volume of water decreases (e.g., during a dry spell); The river becomes shallower or flows around a tight bend where friction increases. 3(b)(i) Valley differences: Upper course valleys are narrow, steep-sided, and V-shaped, whereas lower course valleys are wide, flat, and have gentle sloping sides; The upper course channel is shallow and full of boulders, while the lower course is wide and deep; The upper course has waterfalls/interlocking spurs, whereas the lower course has oxbow lakes and meanders. 3(b)(ii) Waterfall formation: A river flows over alternating bands of hard (resistant) and soft (less resistant) rock. The river erodes the soft rock more rapidly through hydraulic action and abrasion, creating a step in the river bed. As the water rushes over the step, it undercuts the hard rock layer, forming a plunge pool. The overhanging hard rock eventually collapses under its own weight, causing the waterfall to retreat upstream and leaving a steep-sided gorge. 3(c) Case study: River Ganges, Bangladesh. Causes of flooding: Heavy monsoon rainfall in summer delivers immense volumes of water; Snowmelt from the Himalayas in spring increases discharge dramatically; High tides and storm surges in the Bay of Bengal block the river from discharging into the sea; Deforestation in the upstream catchment areas of Nepal increases surface runoff; Siltation of the river bed reduces the channel's carrying capacity; Extreme low-lying terrain makes over 80% of Bangladesh a natural floodplain.

评分标准

3(a)(i) 1 mark for Saltation. 3(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for depositional features (e.g., floodplain, levee, spit, delta, slip-off slope). 3(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for description of hydraulic action (force of water [1], air compressed in cracks [1], cracking/breaking of rock [1]). 3(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for explanation of deposition (e.g., reduction in river gradient, decrease in volume, river becomes wider, entering quiet water at mouth). 3(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for comparative differences between courses (e.g., upper valley is steep-sided [1] while lower valley is flat [1]). 3(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for waterfall explanation. Diagram can earn up to 2 marks for clear labelling (hard/soft rock, plunge pool, overhang collapse). Explanation of erosion processes (abrasion/hydraulic action) [1], undercutting [1], collapse and retreat [1]. 3(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements of causes (e.g., heavy rain, deforestation, melting snow). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements linking causes to flooding (e.g., monsoon rains saturate the soil leading to rapid overland flow [4], deforestation in Nepal prevents interception [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific detail (naming of rivers like Ganges/Brahmaputra, specific geographic regions like Himalayan foothills, or specific statistical peak flows).
题目 4 · structured-essay
25 分
4 (a) Study the following list of terms related to plate tectonics. 'Convergent boundary' 'Divergent boundary' 'Conservative boundary' 'Subduction zone' (i) At which type of plate boundary is new crust formed by magma rising to the surface? [1] (ii) Identify two main types of volcanic hazard that can threaten human life, other than lava flows. [2] (iii) Describe the physical processes that occur to cause an earthquake at a conservative plate boundary. [3] (iv) Explain four ways in which building design can reduce the damage caused by an earthquake. [4] (b) (i) Describe three physical differences between shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. [3] (ii) Explain why volcanic areas are often densely populated despite the risks. [5] (c) For a named earthquake you have studied, describe its impacts on people and the environment. [7]
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解题

4(a)(i) Divergent boundary. 4(a)(ii) Hazards: Pyroclastic flows; Lahars (mudflows) / ash falls. 4(a)(iii) Conservative boundary: Two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, either in opposite directions or in the same direction at different speeds. As they slide, friction causes them to lock and get stuck. Tectonic pressure builds up over time until the rocks suddenly fracture, releasing huge energy in the form of seismic shockwaves, which propagate to the surface and cause an earthquake. 4(a)(iv) Building design: Counterweights/pendulums on roofs to balance sway; Cross-braced steel frames to absorb lateral movement; Shock absorbers (rubber base isolators) in foundations to decouple the building from ground movement; Shatterproof glass to prevent injury from falling debris. 4(b)(i) Volcano differences: Shield volcanoes have gentle, sloping sides, while composite volcanoes have steep, cone-shaped sides; Shield volcanoes are made of layers of basaltic lava, while composite are made of alternating layers of ash and viscous lava; Shield volcanoes experience quiet, effusive eruptions, whereas composite experience violent, explosive eruptions. 4(b)(ii) Why people live near volcanoes: Weathered volcanic ash produces exceptionally fertile soil, excellent for intensive farming (e.g., in Java, Indonesia); Geothermal energy can be harnessed to produce cheap, renewable electricity (e.g., in Iceland); Volcanic landscapes attract tourism, providing local jobs (guides, hotels); Precious minerals and sulfur are deposited in volcanic vents, creating mining opportunities. 4(c) Case study: Tohoku Earthquake, Japan (2011). Impacts: The 9.0 magnitude earthquake triggered a massive tsunami reaching up to 40 meters high, which swept up to 10 km inland; Over 15,000 people lost their lives due to drowning and collapsing structures; Massive destruction of coastal infrastructure, including roads, railways, and ports; The tsunami breached the seawalls of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, causing a cooling system failure and a level 7 nuclear meltdown, forcing the evacuation of over 100,000 residents; Coastal subsidence occurred, leaving large areas permanently flooded; Economic damage was estimated at 235 billion dollars.

评分标准

4(a)(i) 1 mark for Divergent boundary. 4(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for hazards (e.g., pyroclastic flow, ash fall, toxic gas emission, lahar, volcanic landslide). 4(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for conservative boundary processes (plates slide past [1], friction/locking [1], sudden release of tension/energy as shockwaves [1]). 4(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for structural features (e.g., base isolators, steel cross-bracing, lightweight roofs, rolling weights, reinforced concrete). 4(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for volcanic differences (must be comparative, e.g., shield has gentle slopes [1] but composite has steep slopes [1]). 4(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for positive factors (e.g., fertile soils yield high crop production [1], tourism provides service jobs [1], geothermal energy lowers power bills [1]). Max 4 if no development. 4(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements of impacts (e.g., many people died, houses fell down, a tsunami occurred, a power plant broke). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements showing clear consequences (e.g., the tsunami caused cooling failures at Fukushima leading to radioactive leaks [4], thousands drowned because the warning time was too short for low-lying areas [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific detail (naming of towns like Sendai, Fukushima, Tohoku, or using precise numbers of casualties/economic loss figures).
题目 5 · structured-essay
25 分
5 (a) Study the following list of tourism sectors. 'Mass tourism' 'Ecotourism' 'Adventure tourism' 'Cultural tourism' (i) Which of these terms refers to large numbers of tourists visiting the same resort, often on pre-packaged holidays? [1] (ii) Identify two human attractions that can make a historic city popular for tourists. [2] (iii) Describe three ways in which the development of a coastal resort can damage the local marine environment. [3] (iv) Explain how the expansion of a tourist industry can benefit local farmers and food producers. [4] (b) (i) Describe three problems that seasonal tourism can cause for local people who live in popular tourist destinations. [3] (ii) Explain how a tourist destination can be managed sustainably to minimize environmental conflicts. [5] (c) For a named area you have studied where tourism is important, describe the benefits of the tourist industry for the people and the economy. [7]
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解题

5(a)(i) Mass tourism. 5(a)(ii) Human attractions: Famous historical monuments/cathedrals; Museums/art galleries / traditional festivals. 5(a)(iii) Damage to marine environment: Raw sewage discharged from hotels pollutes seawater; Boat anchors scrape and destroy coral reefs; Litter/plastic on beaches is washed into the sea, harming marine life. 5(a)(iv) Benefits to farmers: Hotels and restaurants purchase fresh, local produce in bulk, increasing farm income; Farmers can diversify into 'agritourism' by offering farm stays or tours; Increased wealth in the area creates local markets for high-value organic or specialty foods. 5(b)(i) Seasonal tourism problems: Employment is temporary, leading to high unemployment in winter; High demand during peak season inflates the cost of groceries and housing for locals; Congestion on narrow roads makes daily commuting frustrating. 5(b)(ii) Sustainable management: Restricting tourist numbers through daily quotas or high entry taxes; Creating designated pathways and fencing off fragile ecosystems; Promoting ecotourism resorts that use solar power and recycle greywater; Banning single-use plastics on beaches; Hiring local park rangers to enforce anti-littering laws. 5(c) Case study: Costa Rica (Ecotourism). Benefits to people and economy: Ecotourism has created over 150,000 direct and indirect jobs in rural communities (e.g., in Monteverde Cloud Forest); Tourists spend money at locally-owned lodges, ensuring profits remain in the community; The government uses tourism taxes to fund national park conservation and local schools; Infrastructure like paved roads and telecommunications have been upgraded in remote towns; Local artisans generate income by selling traditional crafts, preserving cultural heritage.

评分标准

5(a)(i) 1 mark for Mass tourism. 5(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for human attractions (e.g., castles, museums, theme parks, temples, local cuisine markets). 5(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for environmental damage (e.g., oil leaks from tourist boats, overfishing for seafood restaurants, destruction of coastal mangroves to build hotels). 5(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for agricultural benefits (e.g., creates direct supply chain links, higher farm prices, tourism generates revenue that farmers can reinvest in machinery). 5(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for seasonal problems (e.g., lack of income stability, overcrowded public transport, water shortages during dry holiday months). 5(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for sustainable strategies (e.g., educating tourists on environmental care to reduce litter [1], zoning areas so that highly sensitive reefs are closed to divers [1]). Max 4 if no development. 5(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements of benefits (e.g., tourists bring money, people get jobs in hotels, roads are built). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements detailing benefits (e.g., local communities earn sustainable incomes as nature guides rather than logging forests [4], tax revenues are reinvested into rural clinics in Monteverde [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific details (naming specific national parks like Manuel Antonio or Monteverde, or specifying exact percentages/stats related to national tourism GDP).
题目 6 · structured-essay
25 分
6 (a) Study the following list of terms related to water resources. 'Water deficit' 'Water surplus' 'Aquifer' 'Desalination' (i) Which of these terms refers to an underground layer of water-bearing rock from which groundwater can be extracted? [1] (ii) Identify two main industrial uses of water. [2] (iii) Explain three reasons why global water consumption has risen rapidly over the past century. [3] (iv) Describe the social and health problems caused by a lack of access to clean, safe drinking water in LEDCs. [4] (b) (i) Describe three physical causes of water shortages (deficits) in some parts of the world. [3] (ii) Explain how a country can manage its water resources to ensure a reliable supply for agricultural and domestic use. [5] (c) For a named country or area you have studied, explain how water is supplied. [7]
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解题

6(a)(i) Aquifer. 6(a)(ii) Industrial uses: Cooling in power stations; Manufacturing processes (e.g., paper/textiles) / food processing. 6(a)(iii) Why consumption has risen: Rapidly growing global population means more domestic demand; Expanding irrigated agriculture (such as pivot irrigation) is needed to grow more crops; Increasing industrialisation worldwide requires vast volumes of water for manufacturing. 6(a)(iv) Problems: High incidence of water-borne diseases like cholera and dysentery due to drinking contaminated water; Children (especially girls) miss school because they spend hours walking long distances to fetch water; Dehydration and malnutrition result from lack of water for cooking and crop growing; High medical bills strain poor families due to frequent illnesses. 6(b)(i) Physical causes of water shortage: Low annual rainfall (arid climate); High evaporation rates due to high temperatures; Periodic droughts caused by changing weather patterns (e.g., El Niño). 6(b)(ii) Managing water resources: Building reservoirs and dams to store winter rainfall for summer agricultural use; Implementing drip irrigation to reduce water wastage in fields; Recycling household greywater for garden or industrial use; Building desalination plants in coastal areas to turn seawater into drinking water; Enforcing strict laws on industrial dumping to keep existing rivers clean. 6(c) Case study: Water supply in South Africa. How water is supplied: South Africa uses a massive system of inter-basin water transfer schemes (such as the Lesotho Highlands Water Project) to redirect water from water-abundant areas (like Lesotho's Malibamat'so River) to dry, highly populated industrial hubs (Gauteng/Johannesburg); Dams like the Katse Dam store water before it is piped under gravity through tunnels; Water is treated at municipal plants (e.g., Rand Water) using filtration and chlorination; It is then distributed to urban consumers via extensive pipe networks; In rural areas of Limpopo, water is supplied via communal boreholes and standpipes because piped networks are too expensive to construct.

评分标准

6(a)(i) 1 mark for Aquifer. 6(a)(ii) 2 @ 1 mark for industrial uses (e.g., washing products, steam turbines, dilution of chemicals). 6(a)(iii) 3 @ 1 mark for reasons for rising demand (population growth, growth in manufacturing, expansion of intensive crop watering). 6(a)(iv) 4 @ 1 mark for social/health consequences (e.g., spread of cholera, time lost fetching water, loss of agricultural productivity, low life expectancy). 6(b)(i) 3 @ 1 mark for physical causes of shortages (e.g., climate change changing monsoon seasons, relief causing rain shadow effect, low water-retaining capacity of soils). 6(b)(ii) 5 @ 1 mark (or development) for management strategies (e.g., installing water meters to charge users per litre [1], encouraging rainwater harvesting off roofs [1]). Max 4 if no development. 6(c) Case Study Levels Marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Simple statements explaining how water is supplied (e.g., from rivers, using pipelines, building dams, buying water from other countries). Level 2 (4-6 marks): Developed statements explaining the infrastructure and management (e.g., gravity-fed tunnels transfer water from Katse Dam in Lesotho directly to Gauteng province [4], chlorine treatment ensures water is safe from bacteria before city distribution [5]). Level 3 (7 marks): Developed statements with clear place-specific details (naming specific water projects, rivers, cities, or dams, e.g., Lesotho Highlands Water Project, Vaal Dam, Rand Water, Johannesburg).

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Paper 22 (Skills)

Answer all questions. You must use the map extract and the insert as required.
6 题目 · 60 分
题目 1 · free_text
20 分
Answer all questions. You must use the map extract and the insert as required.

1 Study the map extract for Dunmore (Dun Mòr), Scotland. The scale is 1 : 50 000.

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the features in the west of the map extract.

Using the map extract, identify the following features shown in Fig. 1.1:
(i) feature A
(ii) the type of road at B
(iii) the land use at C
(iv) the height above sea level of the spot height at point D.

(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the picnic site at E, shown in Fig. 1.1.

(c) Locate the viewpoint at Hillside, grid reference 4216, and the monument at Glenview, grid reference 4619.
(i) What is the compass direction from Hillside viewpoint to Glenview monument?
(ii) What is the straight-line distance from Hillside viewpoint to Glenview monument?
(iii) Measure the compass bearing from Hillside viewpoint to Glenview monument.

(d) Identify three tourist or leisure facilities shown in the area east of easting 44 and north of northing 15.

(e) Study Figs. 1.2 and 1.3.
Fig. 1.2 shows an area in the north-east of Balure which includes the forest plantation.
Fig. 1.3 shows an area in the south-west near Glenview.

Compare the features of both areas.
Complete the table below to indicate which features are present in each area. Use only one tick (\checkmark) for each row.

| Feature | Area in Fig. 1.2 | Area in Fig. 1.3 | Both of these areas | Neither of these areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Railway line | | | | |
| Primary road (A road) | | | | |
| Coniferous forest | | | | |
| River | | | | |

(f) Study the site of the camping and caravan site in grid square 4315.
Give one reason why this is a good site for a camping and caravan site.

(g) Compare the relief and shape of Dunmore Point (the peninsula west of easting 40) and the land area east of easting 48.
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解题

(a)
(i) Caravan / camping site
(ii) Narrow road with passing places
(iii) Non-coniferous woodland
(iv) 142 m

(b) 418126 (allow 417125 to 419127)

(c)
(i) NE (or ENE)
(ii) 5100 metres (allow 4900 to 5300 metres)
(iii) 53 degrees (allow 51 to 55 degrees)

(d) Golf course, museum, camp site (or other valid symbols such as information centre, cycle trail, public telephone, viewpoint)

(e)
- Railway line: neither of these areas
- Primary road (A road): area in Fig. 1.3
- Coniferous forest: area in Fig. 1.2
- River: both of these areas

(f) Any one of:
- Flat land next to the water/shoreline.
- Accessible from the main road / road nearby.
- Sheltered from weather/winds by adjacent woodland.

(g)
Relief:
- Dunmore Point is flat / low-lying / gentle slopes, whereas the land east of easting 48 is steep / hilly / mountainous.
- Dunmore Point has a maximum elevation of under 50m / 10m, whereas the land east of easting 48 rises above 200m / peak of 245m.
Shape:
- Dunmore Point is long / narrow / linear / a peninsula, whereas the land east of easting 48 is broad / wide / block-like.
- Dunmore Point has an irregular / indented coastline, whereas the land east of easting 48 is a continuous inland landmass.

评分标准

(a)
(i) Caravan site / camping site [1]
(ii) Narrow road with passing places / single track road [1]
(iii) Non-coniferous / deciduous woodland [1]
(iv) 142 (m) [1]

(b) 418126 (Tolerances: 417125 to 419127) [1]

(c)
(i) NE / ENE [1]
(ii) 5100 m (Tolerances: 4900 to 5300 m) [1]
(iii) 53° (Tolerances: 51° to 55°) [1]

(d) Three of:
- Golf course
- Museum
- Camp site / caravan site
- Information centre / tourist info
- Cycle trail / route
- Viewpoint
- Public telephone
3 @ 1 mark [3]

(e)
- Railway line: tick 'Neither of these areas'
- Primary road (A road): tick 'Area in Fig. 1.3'
- Coniferous forest: tick 'Area in Fig. 1.2'
- River: tick 'Both of these areas'
4 @ 1 mark [4]

(f) One reason such as:
- Flat/level land for pitching tents / parking caravans.
- Next to water body / coast / river (aesthetic appeal / water access).
- Sheltered by surrounding trees / woodland.
- Road access nearby.
1 mark [1]

(g) Relief (Max 2):
- Dunmore Point is flat/low-lying v East of 48 is steep/hilly/high/upland
- Dunmore Point highest point under 50m v East of 48 highest point over 200m

Shape (Max 2):
- Dunmore Point is narrow/long/peninsula v East of 48 is broad/wide
- Dunmore Point has irregular/indented shoreline v East of 48 has regular/block shape
Note: Must be comparative. No credit for similarities.
4 @ 1 mark [4]
题目 2 · data-interpretation
8 分
Study Table 1.1, which shows monthly temperature and rainfall data for Station A.

Table 1.1:
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec
Temp (°C) | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26
Rainfall (mm) | 250 | 220 | 280 | 310 | 210 | 150 | 120 | 160 | 230 | 290 | 320 | 280

(a) (i) Calculate the annual temperature range for Station A. [1]
(ii) Identify the month with the lowest rainfall. [1]
(iii) Calculate the total annual rainfall for Station A. Show your calculations. [2]

(b) (i) Describe the temperature pattern throughout the year at Station A. [2]
(ii) State the type of climate shown by the data for Station A and give one reason for your choice. [2]
查看答案详解

解题

(a) (i) Max temp = 27°C, Min temp = 26°C. Range = 27 - 26 = 1°C.
(ii) Lowest rainfall is 120 mm in July.
(iii) Total rainfall = 250 + 220 + 280 + 310 + 210 + 150 + 120 + 160 + 230 + 290 + 320 + 280 = 2820 mm.

(b) (i) Temperatures are high/hot all year round, ranging only between 26°C and 27°C. There is a very low annual temperature range of only 1°C.
(ii) Equatorial climate / tropical rainforest climate. Reason: High temperatures all year (around 26-27°C) and high annual rainfall (over 2000mm) with no distinct dry season.

评分标准

(a)(i) 1°C [1 mark]
(a)(ii) July [1 mark]
(a)(iii) 2820 mm (1 mark for correct working showing addition, 1 mark for correct total) [2 marks]
(b)(i) Max 2 marks for points such as:
- Hot/high temperatures all year round [1]
- Very low/constant range / variation of only 1°C [1]
- Temperatures always between 26°C and 27°C [1]
(b)(ii) Equatorial / tropical rainforest climate [1 mark] and one valid reason, such as:
- High temperature all year round [1]
- High annual rainfall / wet all year [1]
题目 3 · data-interpretation
8 分
Study Table 2.1, which shows demographic data for Country P and Country Q.

Table 2.1:
Indicator | Country P | Country Q
Birth rate (per 1000) | 10 | 35
Death rate (per 1000) | 11 | 8
Life expectancy (years) | 81 | 63
Infant mortality (per 1000) | 3.2 | 45.0
Population under 15 (%) | 15 | 42
Population over 65 (%) | 21 | 3

(a) (i) Calculate the natural population growth rate (as a percentage) for Country Q. Show your calculations. [2]
(ii) State what is happening to the total population size of Country P based on its birth and death rates, assuming no migration. [1]

(b) (i) Compare the dependency load of Country P and Country Q using information from Table 2.1. [3]
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the high infant mortality rate in Country Q. [2]
查看答案详解

解题

(a) (i) Birth rate - Death rate = 35 - 8 = 27 per 1000. Expressed as a percentage: 27 / 10 = 2.7%.
(ii) The population is decreasing / declining / experiencing natural decrease (as death rate exceeds birth rate).

(b) (i) Country Q has a much higher youth dependency than Country P (42% under 15 compared to 15%). However, Country P has a much higher elderly dependency than Country Q (21% over 65 compared to 3%). Overall, Country Q has a higher total dependency load (45% total dependents vs 36% for Country P).
(ii) Any two reasons such as: poor healthcare facilities / lack of doctors; lack of clean water and sanitation leading to waterborne diseases; poor maternal health or lack of vaccinations; food shortages / malnutrition.

评分标准

(a)(i) 2.7% (1 mark for working: 35 - 8 = 27 per 1000, 1 mark for correct answer in %) [2 marks]
(a)(ii) Decreasing / declining / natural decrease [1 mark]
(b)(i) Max 3 marks (must be comparative, at least one mark for each category or overall comparison):
- Country Q has a higher percentage of young dependents than Country P (42% vs 15%) [1]
- Country P has a higher percentage of elderly dependents than Country Q (21% vs 3%) [1]
- Overall dependency load is higher in Country Q (45% total vs 36% total) [1]
(b)(ii) Any two reasons: [2 marks]
- Lack of medical care/hospitals/doctors/vaccines [1]
- Dirty water/poor sanitation/waterborne diseases [1]
- Poor nutrition/famine/lack of food [1]
- High poverty rates [1]
题目 4 · data-interpretation
8 分
Study Table 3.1, which shows customer patterns for three types of shopping centres in a region.

Table 3.1:
Shopping Centre Type | Mean distance travelled (km) | Frequency of visit | Customers using cars (%)
Convenience corner shop | 0.8 | 4 times per week | 5
District shopping centre | 4.5 | Once per week | 45
Regional shopping mall | 22.0 | Once per month | 85

(a) (i) Define the term 'sphere of influence'. [1]
(ii) Identify the shopping centre type that requires the largest threshold population and explain why. [2]

(b) (i) Describe the relationship between the distance travelled and the frequency of visits shown in Table 3.1. [2]
(ii) Explain why a higher percentage of customers travel by car to the Regional shopping mall than to the Convenience corner shop. [3]
查看答案详解

解题

(a) (i) The area served by a settlement, shop, or service.
(ii) Regional shopping mall. Explanation: It sells high-order/specialist comparison goods that are expensive and bought infrequently, so it needs a very large population base to remain profitable.

(b) (i) There is an inverse/negative relationship. As the distance travelled increases, the frequency of visits decreases. For example, people travel only 0.8 km to a corner shop but visit 4 times a week, whereas they travel 22 km to a regional mall but visit only once a month.
(ii) Any three reasons such as: goods bought at regional malls are comparison/high-order goods which are often larger/heavier and require a car to transport; the distance is much further (22.0 km vs 0.8 km) making walking or cycling impractical; regional malls are often located on the edge of town with good road access and free parking; corner shops are local, used for small convenience items easily carried on foot.

评分标准

(a)(i) The area served by a shop, service, or settlement. [1 mark]
(a)(ii) Regional shopping mall [1] plus explanation such as:
- Sells high-order/comparison/specialist goods [1]
- Sells expensive items that are bought infrequently [1]
- Needs more customers to make a profit [1]
(b)(i) Inverse/negative relationship (or description of change) [1] supported by paired data from the table [1]. [2 marks]
(b)(ii) Max 3 marks for reasons such as:
- Longer distance to travel (22 km vs 0.8 km) makes walking impossible [1]
- Goods bought at malls are bulky/heavy/bought in larger quantities [1]
- Corner shops are local/within walking distance [1]
- Regional malls have dedicated parking spaces/highway access [1]
题目 5 · data-interpretation
8 分
Study Table 4.1, which shows the percentage of electricity generated from different sources in Country Y in 2010 and 2020.

Table 4.1:
Energy Source | Share in 2010 (%) | Share in 2020 (%)
Coal | 45 | 15
Natural Gas | 25 | 30
Nuclear | 15 | 15
Hydroelectric (HEP) | 10 | 12
Wind & Solar | 5 | 28

(a) (i) State the energy source that showed the greatest decrease in its share of electricity generation between 2010 and 2020. [1]
(ii) Calculate the total percentage of electricity generated from renewable sources in Country Y in 2020. Show your calculations. [2]

(b) (i) Describe the changes in the use of fossil fuels (coal and natural gas) for electricity generation in Country Y between 2010 and 2020. [2]
(ii) Suggest three reasons why Country Y has significantly increased its use of wind and solar power. [3]
查看答案详解

解题

(a) (i) Coal (decreased by 30%).
(ii) Renewable sources in 2020 are Hydroelectric (12%) + Wind & Solar (28%) = 40%.

(b) (i) Coal use decreased significantly from 45% in 2010 to 15% in 2020. Natural gas use increased slightly from 25% to 30%. Combined fossil fuel use fell from 70% to 45%.
(ii) Any three reasons such as: government policies/international agreements to reduce carbon footprint/greenhouse gases; wind and solar are sustainable/renewable and will not run out; advancements in technology have made solar panels and wind turbines cheaper/more efficient; desire to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels/improve national energy security; public pressure / environmental awareness.

评分标准

(a)(i) Coal [1 mark]
(a)(ii) 40% (1 mark for working: 12 + 28, 1 mark for correct answer) [2 marks]
(b)(i) Max 2 marks (must mention both coal and natural gas or overall fossil fuels with data):
- Coal decreased significantly/by 30% / from 45% to 15% [1]
- Natural gas increased slightly/by 5% / from 25% to 30% [1]
- Overall fossil fuel share decreased from 70% to 45% [1]
(b)(ii) Max 3 marks for reasons such as:
- Environmental benefits / do not produce greenhouse gases / reduce global warming [1]
- Renewable / sustainable / will not run out [1]
- Government subsidies / incentives / carbon tax policies [1]
- Technological advancement / cost of wind and solar has fallen [1]
- To improve energy security / reduce imports of fossil fuels [1]
题目 6 · data-interpretation
8 分
Study Table 5.1, which shows rainfall and river discharge data for a drainage basin during and after a storm.

Table 5.1:
Hour | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16
Rainfall (mm) | 10 | 45 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
Discharge (cumecs) | 5 | 8 | 15 | 32 | 58 | 44 | 28 | 18 | 10

(a) (i) State the hour in which the maximum rainfall occurred. [1]
(ii) Identify the peak discharge value and state the hour in which it occurred. [2]
(iii) Calculate the lag time of the river basin. Show your calculations. [2]

(b) Explain how the lag time of a river can be affected by:
(i) Steep slopes in the drainage basin. [1]
(ii) High density of urban development (concrete surfaces). [2]
查看答案详解

解题

(a) (i) Hour 2 (45 mm of rain).
(ii) Peak discharge = 58 cumecs, occurring at Hour 8.
(iii) Lag time is the difference between peak rainfall (Hour 2) and peak discharge (Hour 8). 8 - 2 = 6 hours.

(b) (i) Steep slopes decrease lag time (makes it shorter) because gravity pulls water down slopes very quickly, reducing travel time to the river channel.
(ii) Urban development decreases lag time / increases surface runoff speed. Concrete and tarmac are impermeable, preventing infiltration. Rainwater enters storm drains and sewers, reaching the river much faster than it would through soil/vegetated land.

评分标准

(a)(i) Hour 2 [1 mark]
(a)(ii) 58 cumecs [1] at Hour 8 [1]. [2 marks]
(a)(iii) 6 hours (1 mark for working showing: 8 - 2, 1 mark for correct answer) [2 marks]
(b)(i) Steep slopes shorten/decrease lag time / water flows faster under gravity. [1 mark]
(b)(ii) Max 2 marks for points such as:
- Concrete/tarmac are impermeable / prevent infiltration [1]
- Increases surface runoff / overland flow [1]
- Water is directed quickly to the river via gutters/drains [1]
- Shortens/decreases lag time [1]

Paper 42 (Coursework)

Answer all questions. Complete the tasks based on the fieldwork scenarios and data provided.
2 题目 · 60 分
题目 1 · fieldwork-analysis
30 分
### River Swale Fieldwork Study

Students in North Yorkshire, UK, investigated how river characteristics change downstream along the River Swale. They selected five sites from the upper course (Site 1) to the lower course (Site 5).

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

**Hypothesis 1:** *River velocity increases downstream.*

**Hypothesis 2:** *Bedload size decreases and bedload roundness increases downstream.*

**(a)**
**(i)** Identify two safety precautions the students should take when conducting fieldwork in a river. [2]

**(ii)** Explain why measuring velocity at three different points across the channel at each site makes the results more reliable. [2]

**(b)** The students used a digital flowmeter to measure river velocity.

**(i)** Give three advantages of using a digital flowmeter instead of the float method. [3]

**(ii)** Explain how the students would use a flowmeter to measure velocity. [3]

**(c)** The students' velocity measurements are shown in Table 1.1:

**Table 1.1: Average velocity measurements (m/s)**
| Site | Distance from source (km) | Velocity 1 (m/s) | Velocity 2 (m/s) | Velocity 3 (m/s) | Average Velocity (m/s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.5 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
| 2 | 8.0 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
| 3 | 15.2 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.52 | **[X]** |
| 4 | 24.0 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.58 |
| 5 | 35.5 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.68 |

**(i)** Calculate the average velocity for Site 3 **[X]** in Table 1.1. [1]

**(ii)** What conclusion would the students make about Hypothesis 1: *River velocity increases downstream*? Support your answer with evidence from Table 1.1. [4]

**(iii)** Explain why river velocity generally increases downstream. [3]

**(d)** To investigate Hypothesis 2: *Bedload size decreases and bedload roundness increases downstream*, the students measured 20 pebbles at each site.

**(i)** Describe how the students would select a representative sample of pebbles from the river bed at each site. [3]

**(ii)** Explain how pebble roundness can be measured using a visual roundness index chart. [2]

**(iii)** Table 1.2 shows the average pebble size (longest axis) and average roundness index values (scored from 1 to 6, where 6 is very well-rounded) at each site.

**Table 1.2: Bedload characteristics**
| Site | Average Pebble Size (cm) | Average Roundness Score |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.2 | 1.8 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 2.4 |
| 3 | 8.1 | 3.2 |
| 4 | 5.3 | 4.1 |
| 5 | 2.8 | 4.9 |

Describe the relationship shown in Table 1.2 between bedload characteristics and distance downstream. [3]

**(iv)** Explain the processes of river erosion that cause pebble roundness to increase downstream. [2]

**(e)** Suggest how the students could extend their study of the river downstream, other than measuring velocity or bedload. [2]
查看答案详解

解题

**(a)(i)** Two safety precautions include wearing non-slip waders and avoiding entering the river during high discharge.
**(a)(ii)** Measuring at three points accounts for variations across the channel (e.g., higher friction near banks) and provides a representative average.
**(b)(i)** Digital flowmeters offer instant readouts, eliminate human reaction-time error, and measure velocity at precise depths.
**(b)(ii)** Stand downstream of the device, face the propeller upstream, hold the pole vertically at 60% depth, and record the stabilized digital value.
**(c)(i)** Average velocity at Site 3 = (0.48 + 0.44 + 0.52) / 3 = 0.48 m/s.
**(c)(ii)** Hypothesis 1 is correct. Average velocity rises progressively from 0.22 m/s at Site 1 (2.5 km from source) to 0.68 m/s at Site 5 (35.5 km from source).
**(c)(iii)** Velocity increases downstream due to higher discharge, a larger hydraulic radius, and less friction from smoother channels.
**(d)(i)** Set a tape measure across the wet channel and select the pebble touching the tip of your boots at regular intervals (e.g., every 50 cm).
**(d)(ii)** Compare each pebble with standard outlines on a visual chart (like Powers' Roundness Scale) and assign a score from 1 (very angular) to 6 (very rounded).
**(d)(iii)** Bedload size decreases downstream (14.2 cm to 2.8 cm) while bedload roundness score increases downstream (1.8 to 4.9).
**(d)(iv)** Attrition causes transported rocks to collide and chip off sharp edges, while abrasion smooths them against the riverbed.
**(e)** Students could extend the study by measuring channel cross-sectional area (width and depth) or channel slope (gradient) down the valley.

评分标准

**(a)(i)** Max 2 marks:
- Wear non-slip waders/footwear to prevent slipping [1]
- Work in pairs/groups [1]
- Avoid deep/fast-flowing water or post-rainfall flooding [1]
- Wash hands afterwards to avoid Weil's disease [1]

**(a)(ii)** Max 2 marks:
- Velocity varies across the channel (fastest in center, slower near bed/banks due to friction) [1]
- Three points provide a more reliable overall channel average [1]

**(b)(i)** Max 3 marks:
- Instant digital readout / saves time [1]
- No human timer error with a stopwatch [1]
- Measures at exact depths (e.g., 60% depth) rather than just surface flow [1]

**(b)(ii)** Max 3 marks:
- Stand downstream of the meter to avoid obstruction [1]
- Face propeller directly upstream into the current [1]
- Hold rod vertically at a constant depth [1]
- Record stabilized value from screen [1]

**(c)(i)** 1 mark:
- 0.48 m/s (must include units) [1]

**(c)(ii)** Max 4 marks:
- Conclusion: Hypothesis 1 is correct / true [1]
- General trend: Velocity increases downstream [1]
- Supporting data (minimum 2 sites): e.g., Site 1 is 0.22 m/s, Site 5 is 0.68 m/s [1]
- Progression: increases step-by-step from Site 1 (0.22) to Site 2 (0.35) to Site 5 (0.68) [1]

**(c)(iii)** Max 3 marks:
- Increased discharge/volume of water from tributaries [1]
- Channel is wider, deeper and has a larger hydraulic radius [1]
- Less channel bed friction/turbulent drag downstream [1]

**(d)(i)** Max 3 marks:
- Place a tape measure across the channel width [1]
- Pick a pebble at regular intervals (e.g., every 25 cm or 50 cm) / systematic sampling [1]
- Select the exact pebble at the tip of the finger/boot to avoid selective bias [1]

**(d)(ii)** Max 2 marks:
- Compare pebble shape against standard visual scale/chart [1]
- Classify pebble from angular/low score to rounded/high score [1]

**(d)(iii)** Max 3 marks:
- Negative correlation between pebble size and distance downstream [1]
- Positive correlation between pebble roundness and distance downstream [1]
- Supporting data for both: e.g., at Site 1 (14.2 cm / 1.8 score) to Site 5 (2.8 cm / 4.9 score) [1]

**(d)(iv)** Max 2 marks:
- Attrition: rocks collide with each other, knocking off corners [1]
- Abrasion: rocks grind against the river bed/banks, polishing surfaces [1]

**(e)** Max 2 marks:
- Measure channel width and depth [1]
- Measure gradient / slope angle [1]
- Measure chemical water quality/pH/turbidity [1]
题目 2 · fieldwork-analysis
30 分
### Urban Land-Use and Environmental Quality Study

Students in Bristol, UK, investigated environmental quality and traffic volume in three distinct land-use zones: the Central Business District (CBD) (retail zone), an inner-city residential zone, and a suburban residential zone. They selected two sites in each zone to conduct their fieldwork.

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

**Hypothesis 1:** *Environmental quality decreases as traffic volume increases.*

**Hypothesis 2:** *Pedestrian numbers are highest in the CBD and lowest in the suburban residential zone.*

**(a)**
**(i)** What is meant by the term 'Central Business District' (CBD)? [2]

**(ii)** State two characteristics of a suburban residential zone. [2]

**(b)** To measure traffic volume, the students carried out traffic counts at each of the six sites.

**(i)** Describe how the students would carry out a reliable traffic count. [3]

**(ii)** Suggest two reasons why traffic count results might vary at different times of the day. [2]

**(c)** The students conducted an environmental quality survey at each site. They used an environmental quality index (EQI) with five categories (litter, noise, air quality, greenery, building maintenance), each scored from -2 (poor) to +2 (excellent).

Table 2.1 shows the raw recording sheet for **Site 1 (CBD)**:

**Table 2.1: Environmental Quality Recording Sheet for Site 1**
| Category | -2 (Poor) | -1 | 0 (Average) | +1 | +2 (Excellent) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Litter | | ✓ | | | |
| Noise | ✓ | | | | |
| Air Quality | | ✓ | | | |
| Greenery | | | ✓ | | |
| Building Maintenance | | | | ✓ | |

**(i)** Calculate the total Environmental Quality Index (EQI) score for Site 1 using Table 2.1. [1]

**(ii)** Table 2.2 shows the final results for all six sites:

**Table 2.2: Fieldwork summary results**
| Zone | Site | Average Traffic Volume (vehicles/hour) | Total EQI Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| **CBD** | 1 | 320 | **[Y]** |
| | 2 | 280 | -2 |
| **Inner-City Residential** | 3 | 180 | +1 |
| | 4 | 210 | -1 |
| **Suburban Residential** | 5 | 60 | +6 |
| | 6 | 45 | +8 |

State the value of **[Y]** calculated in **(c)(i)**, and identify which site has the lowest overall environmental quality score. [2]

**(iii)** Compare the environmental quality scores of the CBD and the suburban residential zone using data from Table 2.2. [2]

**(d)**
**(i)** Describe the trend shown in Table 2.2 when comparing traffic volume and total EQI score. [1]

**(ii)** What conclusion would the students make about Hypothesis 1: *Environmental quality decreases as traffic volume increases*? Support your answer with evidence from Table 2.2. [3]

**(iii)** Identify two factors other than traffic volume that can affect environmental quality in urban areas. [2]

**(e)** To investigate Hypothesis 2: *Pedestrian numbers are highest in the CBD and lowest in the suburban residential zone*, the students conducted pedestrian counts at each site over a 10-minute period.

The results of the average pedestrian counts are shown in Table 2.3:

**Table 2.3: Pedestrian count results**
| Zone | Average Pedestrians (per 10 mins) | Percentage of Total Pedestrians (%) |
|---|---|---|
| CBD | 180 | 75% |
| Inner-City Residential | 48 | 20% |
| Suburban Residential | 12 | 5% |
| **Total** | **240** | **100%** |

**(i)** Explain how the students would organize and carry out the pedestrian counts to ensure the data was comparable across all sites. [3]

**(ii)** What conclusion would the students make about Hypothesis 2? Support your answer with data from Table 2.3. [3]

**(f)** Explain why pedestrian numbers are typically high in CBD areas. [2]

**(g)** Suggest how the students could improve the reliability of their environmental quality survey if they were to repeat the study. [2]
查看答案详解

解题

**(a)(i)** The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial, retail, and business core of an urban area, characterized by high land values and high building densities.
**(a)(ii)** Two features are: low-density housing (detached/semi-detached) and a high proportion of open green spaces/gardens.
**(b)(i)** Students should stand in pairs, count traffic over a consistent period (e.g., 10 minutes) using a tally sheet, and perform the counts simultaneously at all locations.
**(b)(ii)** Traffic volumes peak during morning and evening rush hours (commuting) and drop significantly mid-morning or late at night.
**(c)(i)** Total EQI for Site 1 = (-1) + (-2) + (-1) + 0 + 1 = -3.
**(c)(ii)** [Y] = -3. Site 1 has the lowest overall environmental quality score.
**(c)(iii)** The CBD has negative environmental quality scores (-3 and -2), whereas the suburban residential zone has highly positive scores (+6 and +8).
**(d)(i)** There is a negative relationship: as traffic volume increases, the environmental quality index score declines.
**(d)(ii)** Hypothesis 1 is correct. Site 6 has the lowest traffic (45 vehicles/hr) and the highest environmental quality (+8), while Site 1 has the highest traffic (320 vehicles/hr) and the lowest environmental quality (-3).
**(d)(iii)** Other factors include the age of buildings/maintenance standards, presence of litter bins/street cleaning, and the proximity to heavy industry.
**(e)(i)** Perform the pedestrian counts on the same day of the week, at identical times (e.g., 12:00 PM), and for exactly the same 10-minute duration.
**(e)(ii)** Hypothesis 2 is correct. CBD pedestrian numbers are highest at 180 (75%), and suburban numbers are lowest at 12 (5%).
**(f)** CBDs house major retail shops, large office buildings/employers, and central transport interchanges, attracting large crowds.
**(g)** Students could have multiple different people perform the survey independently at each site and average the scores to reduce subjective bias.

评分标准

**(a)(i)** Max 2 marks:
- Commercial, business and retail heart of a city [1]
- Characterized by high land values / high building density / high accessibility [1]

**(a)(ii)** Max 2 marks:
- Low building density / detached houses [1]
- Open green spaces / quiet residential streets [1]
- Located on the edge/periphery of the city [1]

**(b)(i)** Max 3 marks:
- Use a standard tally sheet or mechanical clicker [1]
- Set a fixed time limit (e.g., exactly 10 minutes) [1]
- Synchronize count times across all six locations on the same day [1]
- Work in pairs (one counts, one times/records) [1]

**(b)(ii)** Max 2 marks:
- Rush hours / commuter peak travel times (morning and evening) [1]
- School drop-off and pick-up hours [1]
- Night-time has fewer vehicle movements [1]

**(c)(i)** 1 mark:
- -3 [1]

**(c)(ii)** Max 2 marks:
- [Y] = -3 [1]
- Site 1 [1]

**(c)(iii)** Max 2 marks:
- CBD environmental quality is much lower/worse than Suburban Residential [1]
- CBD has negative scores (-3 and -2) while Suburban has positive scores (+6 and +8) [1]

**(d)(i)** 1 mark:
- Negative relationship / as traffic increases, environmental quality score decreases [1]

**(d)(ii)** Max 3 marks:
- Conclusion: Hypothesis 1 is correct / true [1]
- General trend: Areas with high traffic have low EQI scores [1]
- Supporting data (at least 2 sites): e.g., Site 6 (45 vehicles/hr) has EQI of +8, whereas Site 1 (320 vehicles/hr) has EQI of -3 [1]

**(d)(iii)** Max 2 marks:
- Maintenance levels of buildings [1]
- Presence of public parks/green spaces [1]
- Litter/refuse collection frequency [1]
- Proximity to industrial zones [1]

**(e)(i)** Max 3 marks:
- Conduct the counts on the same day of the week [1]
- Conduct counts at the same time of day (e.g., midday) [1]
- Stand in comparable locations (e.g., main pathways, not hidden corners) [1]
- Keep the counting period identical (exactly 10 minutes) [1]

**(e)(ii)** Max 3 marks:
- Conclusion: Hypothesis 2 is correct / true [1]
- Pedestrian numbers are highest in CBD (180 / 75%) and lowest in Suburban (12 / 5%) [1]
- Refers to intermediate/Inner-city residential data (48 / 20%) to complete the pattern [1]

**(f)** Max 2 marks:
- High density of high-street shops, services, and restaurants [1]
- Hub for public transport networks (bus/train stations) [1]
- High employment density (office workers) [1]

**(g)** Max 2 marks:
- Have multiple students rate the same site and calculate an average score to reduce subjectivity [1]
- Repeat the survey on multiple days of the week [1]

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