2024 HKDSE 公民與社會發展科 模拟试题及答案详解

Overall national strength is a comprehensive measure of a country's total power, combining both hard power (such as economic capacity, military capability, and science and technology) and soft power (such as cultural influence, institutional attractiveness, and diplomatic reach). Therefore, statements (1), (2), and (3) are all correct.

Award 1 mark for option D. No partial credit is awarded.

An individual with good information literacy evaluates information critically by checking the credibility of the publisher, corroborating facts with authoritative sources, and avoiding the immediate spread of unverified claims. Therefore, B is the correct answer.

Award 1 mark for option B. No marks for incorrect options.

The Constitution of the PRC is the supreme law of the nation and, together with the Basic Law, forms the constitutional basis of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Option A is incorrect because the Constitution of the PRC is the supreme national law. Option B is incorrect because HKSAR enjoys a high degree of autonomy, not unlimited autonomy. Option D is incorrect because the power of final interpretation of the Basic Law rests with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Award 1 mark for option C. No partial credit is awarded.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area consists of the Hong Kong SAR, the Macao SAR, and nine mainland municipalities in Guangdong Province (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing). Xiamen is located in Fujian Province and is not part of the Greater Bay Area. Therefore, only (1) and (2) are correct.

Award 1 mark for option A. No partial credit is awarded.

Traditional security refers primarily to political, homeland, and military security. Non-traditional security encompasses newer dimensions such as economic, cultural, societal, science and technology, cybersecurity, ecological, resource, nuclear, and overseas interests security. Hence, (1) Cybersecurity and (2) Ecological security are non-traditional security domains, while (3) Military security is a traditional security domain.

Award 1 mark for option A. No partial credit is awarded.

To describe the trends accurately:
1. Identify the upward trend in citizen participation/adoption rate: The proportion of citizens using mobile public healthcare booking grew continuously from 24.5% in 2019 to 51.2% in 2021, and further to 78.6% in 2023.
2. Identify the upward trend in operational scale/usage volume: Total online municipal transactions consistently increased throughout the period, growing from 12.0 million transactions in 2019 to 54.2 million in 2023, reflecting widespread digitalization of municipal affairs.

Award marks based on the following criteria:
- 1.25 marks: Accurately describes the first trend (continuous increase in mobile healthcare booking usage) with supporting data from the table (24.5% to 78.6%).
- 1.25 marks: Accurately describes the second trend (significant expansion in total online municipal transactions) with supporting data from the table (12.0 million to 54.2 million).
Note: Deduct 0.5 marks overall if no specific data figures are cited to support the identified trends.

From Source A, two distinct dimensions of enhancement in living quality can be drawn:
1. Time efficiency & employment mobility: The significant reduction in transit duration (from 110 to 32 minutes) shortens daily travel burden and connects over 450,000 workers to a broader job market.
2. Economic well-being & daily necessities: Fast same-day logistics lower freight expenses for agricultural produce, directly reducing grocery costs and ensuring timely supply of fresh food for residents.

Award marks based on the following criteria:
- 1.25 marks: Identifies and explains the improvement in travel efficiency/job mobility, supported by relevant evidence from Source A (reduction from 110 to 32 minutes / benefiting 450,000 workers).
- 1.25 marks: Identifies and explains the reduction in living/food costs and better access to fresh goods, supported by relevant evidence from Source A (same-day distribution / lower logistics and retail food costs).
Note: Maximum 1 mark if points are copied verbatim from the text without explanation of how they enhance quality of life.

Rural infrastructure upgrades enhance residents' quality of life in the following two ways:

1. Promoting economic well-being and household income (Material quality of life):
As shown in the source, expanding broadband networks and express delivery logistics enables rural farmers to participate in e-commerce and sell local agricultural produce directly to nationwide urban markets. This removes intermediaries, increases farmers' operational income, creates local employment, and provides financial security to improve daily living standards.

2. Enhancing daily living conditions and public service accessibility (Non-material / Public health):
As indicated in the source, improving clean water supply and paved road networks directly enhances basic hygiene, reduces waterborne illnesses, and ensures basic health. Furthermore, improved transport infrastructure makes commuting to township clinics and schools much safer and faster, ensuring greater accessibility to healthcare and education for rural families.

Marking Criteria (4 marks max):

- 3–4 marks:
- Clearly explains TWO distinct and reasonable ways in which rural infrastructure improvement enhances the quality of life.
- Appropriately cites and interprets evidence from the Source (e.g., broadband, road networks, express logistics) and integrates relevant concepts (e.g., material living standards, public health, access to public services).
- Well-structured explanation with clear logical linkage between infrastructure upgrades and life quality improvements.

- 1–2 marks:
- Points out only ONE valid way clearly, OR provides two brief/superficial descriptions without detailed explanation of how quality of life is improved.
- Limited or mechanical use of the Source data.

- 0 marks:
- Irrelevant answer, completely incorrect, or merely copying source text verbatim without explanation.

1. Opportunity (Economic efficiency and daily convenience):
As highlighted in the source, mobile payment systems enable swift transactions via QR codes, saving consumers time during commuting and retail purchases. This eliminates the inconvenience of carrying physical cash, reduces queuing times, streamlines business operations, and promotes the overall efficiency of the digital economy.

2. Risk (Information privacy concerns and digital exclusion):
As shown in the source, digital payment platforms collect large amounts of transaction histories and consumer profiles, which may lead to unauthorized data tracking, marketing exploitation, or privacy breaches. In addition, reliance on digital wallets risks marginalizing senior citizens who lack digital literacy or smartphones (the 'digital divide'), restricting their equal access to basic daily services.

Marking Criteria (4 marks max):

- 3–4 marks:
- Clearly identifies and explains ONE valid opportunity (e.g., transaction speed, convenience, economic efficiency) AND ONE valid risk (e.g., personal data security/privacy risks, digital divide/exclusion).
- Accurately cites relevant points from the Source and applies sound knowledge of modern digital technology.
- Logical, coherent, and balanced analysis.

- 1–2 marks:
- Explains only ONE aspect (either opportunity or risk) comprehensively, OR provides vague/shallow explanations for both.
- Merely lists points without elaborating on their societal impact or mechanism.

- 0 marks:
- Irrelevant answer, completely incorrect, or mere transcription of text with no original explanation.

Organizing traditional festival activities nurtures students' sense of national identity in the following two ways:

1. Deepening cognitive understanding and appreciation of national cultural heritage:
Through interactive workshops such as making traditional lanterns and studying intangible cultural heritage (e.g., paper-crafting, Fire Dragon history), students acquire direct, experiential knowledge of Chinese traditions and craftsmanship. This enriches their historical awareness and instills pride in China's long-standing cultural achievements.

2. Strengthening emotional bonding and shared cultural values:
Participating in activities centered around classical poetry and festive customs emphasizes core traditional values such as family reunion, mutual respect, and social harmony. By experiencing these shared values, students develop an affective connection with Chinese civilization, cultivating a stronger psychological sense of belonging to the nation.

Marking Criteria (4 marks max):

- 3–4 marks:
- Clearly explains TWO sound ways in which school-based festival activities cultivate national identity (e.g., cognitive cultural appreciation, emotional bonding/shared values).
- Integrates details from the Source (e.g., intangible heritage crafts, poetry, traditional values) effectively.
- Clear focus on how the activities lead to a stronger sense of national identity / belonging.

- 1–2 marks:
- Explains only ONE way clearly, OR offers brief and general statements without explaining how national identity is formed.
- Superficial reliance on source details without conceptual articulation.

- 0 marks:
- Irrelevant response, blank, or simply lifting source sentences without analysis.

A comprehensive answer should address the two main dimensions required by the question:

1. Enhancement of People's Quality of Life:
- Environmental and Health Well-being: Expanding clean and renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind, smart grids) reduces air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and smog, which directly decreases respiratory illnesses and lowers public health burdens, creating a cleaner and healthier living environment.
- Convenience and Regional Mobility: The extensive high-speed railway and electrified transit network shorten travel time, facilitate cross-regional commuting, and enhance convenience in daily life and inter-city connections.
- Rural Revitalization and Economic Opportunities: Eco-friendly infrastructure and eco-tourism enable rural communities to develop green economies, narrowing urban-rural income disparities and improving local living standards.

2. Enhancement of Overall National Strength:
- Economic and Industrial Strength: Green infrastructure drives industrial restructuring and upgrades manufacturing towards high-value, low-carbon sectors (e.g., photovoltaic cells, electric vehicles, power transmission equipment), creating new economic growth drivers.
- Science and Technology (S&T) Strength: Investing in smart energy grids, ultra-high-voltage systems, and modern transport fosters independent innovation capabilities and secures intellectual property advantages in cutting-edge global technology.
- Ecological and Energy Security: Shifting towards domestic renewable resources reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, safeguarding national energy security.
- International Influence and Soft Power: Leading the global transition to net-zero carbon positions China as a responsible major country actively addressing climate change, thereby enhancing its international standing.

Marking Criteria:

- 5–6.67 Marks (High Performance):
- Clearly and logically explains how green infrastructure promotes both aspects: people's quality of life and national strength.
- Appropriately integrates evidence and concepts from both Sources A and B, supplemented with accurate relevant knowledge.
- Shows well-structured argumentation, clear conceptual understanding (e.g., ecological civilization, technological self-reliance, quality of life), and coherent expression.

- 3–4 Marks (Satisfactory Performance):
- Addresses both aspects (quality of life and national strength), though the explanation in one aspect may be less detailed or slightly superficial.
- Employs data/points from the sources with reasonable integration of knowledge.
- Presents a clear structure, though some points may lack thorough elaboration.

- 1–2 Marks (Basic Performance):
- Provides a brief or one-sided answer, focusing only on living standards or only on national strength.
- Relies mainly on direct quoting from the sources without meaningful analysis, or shows misconceptions.
- Weak structural organization and limited elaboration.

- 0 Marks:
- Completely off-topic or no attempt made.

A comprehensive answer should substantiate the viewpoint across key dimensions:

1. Necessity of Critical Thinking:
- Discerning Authenticity in an Era of Misinformation: With the proliferation of generative AI and deepfakes, false information and rumors spread quickly. Critical thinking enables individuals to cross-examine sources, evaluate credibility objectively, and avoid blindly trusting or disseminating unverified rumors.
- Overcoming 'Information Cocoons' and Echo Chambers: Algorithms present biased feeds tailored to past user behavior. Critical thinking allows users to actively seek diverse perspectives, recognize algorithmic echo chambers, and make well-rounded, objective judgements.

2. Necessity of Data Privacy Awareness:
- Preventing Personal Exploitation and Cybercrime: Digital platforms frequently collect biometric data, browsing histories, and geographic locations. Awareness of data protection laws and security settings helps citizens guard against identity theft, digital fraud, and unauthorized commercial exploitation.
- Safeguarding National and Societal Cybersecurity: Careless handling of sensitive information or inadvertent leaks on public networks can threaten organizational or national security, making ethical digital practices indispensable.

3. Fostering a Healthy Digital Civilization:
- Responsible online behavior, digital ethics, and law-abiding communication maintain a trustworthy cyberspace and enhance overall social harmony in the digital age.

Marking Criteria:

- 5–6.67 Marks (High Performance):
- Thoroughly explains why both critical thinking and data privacy awareness are indispensable in the modern digital era.
- Effectively synthesizes points from Sources A and B (e.g., information cocoons, generative AI risks, data protection) with relevant contemporary knowledge.
- Demonstrates strong logical reasoning, clear perspective, and proficient conceptual vocabulary.

- 3–4 Marks (Satisfactory Performance):
- Explains the importance of both critical thinking and privacy awareness, though the depth of elaboration may vary.
- Appropriately uses information from the sources with basic integration of own knowledge.
- Logical flow is generally maintained, though some explanations may be generic.

- 1–2 Marks (Basic Performance):
- Gives a brief or superficial discussion; focuses only on critical thinking or only on privacy issues.
- Relies largely on copying source texts without deeper conceptual analysis.
- Incoherent structure or contains factual ambiguities.

- 0 Marks:
- Completely off-topic or no attempt made.

A comprehensive answer should thoroughly explain both dimensions:

1. Cultivating a Sense of National Identity:
- Experiencing National Development Firsthand: Direct exposure to cutting-edge technological firms, major infrastructure, and advanced urban planning in GBA cities allows students to witness the country's comprehensive modernisation, inspiring national pride and emotional attachment.
- Deepening Cultural Affinity and Common Roots: Participating in heritage preservation and Lingnan cultural activities reinforces understanding of shared history and cultural bonds, strengthening cultural confidence and Chinese national identity.
- Enhancing Understanding and Peer Bonding: Mutual communication with Mainland youth dispels misunderstandings, fosters mutual trust and shared values, and deepens the sense of belonging to the nation.

2. Broadening Personal Development Horizons:
- Expanding Career and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The vast domestic market, startup incubation hubs, and policy incentives in the GBA provide diverse pathways beyond Hong Kong's traditional economic structure, particularly in technology, creative industries, and advanced manufacturing.
- Enhancing Professional Competence and Adaptability: Engaging in cross-boundary internships and practical projects enhances soft skills, cross-cultural communication, and adaptability to regional economic dynamics.
- Capitalizing on National Development Strategies: Aligning personal career aspirations with national planning (e.g., the National 14th Five-Year Plan and GBA Outline Development Plan) positions young people to leverage broader platforms and global-facing opportunities.

Marking Criteria:

- 5–6.67 Marks (High Performance):
- Comprehensive and insightful explanation covering both national identity cultivation and personal development horizons.
- Skilfully draws evidence from Sources A and B alongside sound contextual knowledge (e.g., GBA synergy, 'One Country, Two Systems', cultural continuity).
- Coherent structure, balanced arguments, and fluent written expression.

- 3–4 Marks (Satisfactory Performance):
- Explains both dimensions, though the discussion in one area may be relatively brief or less developed.
- Makes appropriate use of the sources with relevant examples.
- The response is well organized, though some arguments may remain somewhat descriptive.

- 1–2 Marks (Basic Performance):
- Superficial or heavily unbalanced answer; focuses almost entirely on one aspect (e.g., only personal career benefits).
- Mainly copies words directly from the sources with little independent explanation.
- Fragmented points and weak structure.

- 0 Marks:
- Completely off-topic or no attempt made.